{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T16:10:49Z","timestamp":1794672649756,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,4]],"date-time":"2002-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>PROBLEM:\u2002We aimed to investigate absolute counts of intracellular T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine expressing T\u2010cell subpopulations in women with three or more recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA), multiple implantation failures after <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF\/ET) (three or more) or during normal pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHOD OF STUDY:\u2002Absolute cell counts and percentages of CD3+, CD3+\/CD4+, and CD3+\/CD8+ T\u2010cell populations expressing intracellular cytokines [interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin (IL)\u20104 and IL\u201010] was studied by four\u2010color flow cytometry in 15 RSA and 13 implantation failure patients. Eighteen fertile non\u2010pregnant and 47 normal pregnant women were also compared with regard to intracellular cytokine expression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS:\u2002Interleukin\u201010 producing CD3+\/CD8+ T\u2010cell counts were significantly lower in women with RSA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and implantation failures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05), and TNF\u2010\u03b1 producing CD3+\/CD4+ T\u2010cell counts were higher in women with RSA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and implantation failures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.005) than those of non\u2010pregnant fertile controls. During normal pregnancies, first trimester IL\u20104 expressing CD3+, CD3+\/CD4+ T\u2010cell counts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and IFN\u2010\u03b3 expressing CD3+ T\u2010cell counts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) were significantly higher than those of third trimester (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). First trimester TNF\u2010\u03b1 expressing CD3+\/CD8+ T\u2010cell counts were significantly higher than those of second and third trimester women (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). However, there are no differences in cytokine expression between non\u2010pregnant and first trimester pregnant women.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSION:\u2002Absolute counts of IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20104, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 expressing T cells decrease with the progress of gestation (third trimester) during normal pregnancies. In women with implantation failures, absolute cell counts of TNF\u2010\u03b1 expressing CD3+\/4+ cells reflects the presence of dominant Th1 immune response. A significantly increased Th1 cytokine expression may be the underlying immune etiology for reproductive failures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01105.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T01:26:53Z","timestamp":1047346013000},"page":"77-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Expression of Intracellular Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion, Implantation Failures after IVF\/ET or Normal Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"SIU CHUI","family":"NG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALICE","family":"GILMAN\u2010SACHS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"POONAM","family":"THAKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KENNETH 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