{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1774353745345,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]],"date-time":"2002-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1031184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>Zenclussen AC, Fest S, Busse P, Joachim R, Klapp BF, Arck PC. Questioning the Th1\/Th2 paradigm in reproduction: peripheral levels of IL\u201012 are down\u2010regulated in miscarriage patients. AJRI 2002; 48:245\u2013251 \u00a9 Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p><jats:p>PROBLEM:\u2002It has been postulated that a T helper (Th)1 response is associated with pregnancy failure, whereas a Th2 response contributes to pregnancy maintenance. However, this Th1\/Th2 dichotomy has recently been hypothesized to be an oversimplification. To prove this novel hypothesis, we investigated the levels of the Th1\u2010inducer cytokine interleukin (IL)\u201012 in immunocompetent cells of patients with normal pregnancies (NP) and spontaneous abortion (SA).<\/jats:p><jats:p>METHODS:\u2002Presence of intracellular IL\u201012 was evaluated in CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> blood and decidual lymphocytes as well as in monocytes and granulocytes by flow cytometry from NP and SA individuals. IL\u201012 serum levels were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We further investigated the effect of recombinant human (rh) IL\u201012 on the production of interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 in peripheral leukocytes <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS:\u2002In patients suffering from SA we observed lower percentages of IL\u201012 in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes derived from peripheral blood and decidua, compared with women with normally progressing pregnancies. No differences could be observed when evaluating the levels of IL\u201012 in the granulocyte population. The IL\u201012 serum levels were below the ELISA sensitivity limit. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> stimulation of the peripheral blood cells with increasing doses of IL\u201012 resulted in a significant decrease of IFN\u2010\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, whereas levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> in lymphocytes were unaffected.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS:\u2002The classical Th1\/Th2 paradigm appears to be insufficient to exclusively explain the causes of pregnancy loss. Our current results render us to requestion the role of Th1 cytokines during pregnancy and suggest some protective function of the Th1\u2010inducer cytokine IL\u201012.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01136.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T01:26:59Z","timestamp":1047346019000},"page":"245-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Questioning the Th1\/Th2 Paradigm in Reproduction: Peripheral Levels of IL\u201012 are Down\u2010Regulated in Miscarriage Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"ANA C.","family":"ZENCLUSSEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEFAN","family":"FEST","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETRA","family":"BUSSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RICARDA","family":"JOACHIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BURGHARD F.","family":"KLAPP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETRA C.","family":"ARCK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"320","article-title":"Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates","volume":"44","author":"Medawar PB","year":"1953","journal-title":"Symp Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4562","article-title":"Synthesis of T helper 2\u2010type cytokines at the feto\u2013maternal interface","volume":"151","author":"Lin H","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4261","article-title":"IL\u201010 prevents naturally occurring fetal loss in the CBA \u00d7 DBA\/2 mating combination, and local defect in IL\u201010 production in this abortion\u2010prone combination is corrected by in vivo injection of IFN\u2010tau","volume":"154","author":"Chaouat G","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.653","article-title":"T helper 1 response against Leishmania major in pregnant C57BL\/6 mice increases implantation failure and fetal resorptions. 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