{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:46:11Z","timestamp":1791103571534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,11]],"date-time":"2003-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1060560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Problem:<\/jats:bold> Certain Th\u20102 cytokines and granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF) are propitious for the success of pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is often characterized by a failure of Th\u20102 type responses. These considerations as well as the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in RSA induced us to evaluate the levels of GM\u2010CSF in normal pregnancies, in pregnant women affected with unexplained RSA and the effects of IVIg treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method of study:<\/jats:bold> Peripheral blood free GM\u2010CSF was measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay in 39 healthy women (13 non\u2010pregnant, 26 pregnant) and in 53 RSA patients (11 non\u2010pregnant, 42 pregnant). In 14 pregnant RSA patients GM\u2010CSF was studied also after the very first IVIg infusion (0.5\u2003g\/kg body weight).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In healthy women we found a significant increase of GM\u2010CSF during pregnancy, in pregnant RSA patients such an increase was not detected. After IVIg, GM\u2010CSF concentrations were almost doubled.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> GM\u2010CSF is found increased in normal pregnancy and is very low during pregnancy in RSA. IVIg infusions are capable of increasing GM\u2010CSF in pregnant recurrent aborters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2003.00083.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,11]],"date-time":"2003-08-11T09:38:05Z","timestamp":1060594685000},"page":"232-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["GM\u2010CSF and Pregnancy: Evidence of Significantly Reduced Blood Concentrations in Unexplained Recurrent Abortion Efficiently Reverted by Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Perricone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"De Carolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(97)80019-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1989.tb00544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v14.i3-4.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0890447"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80434-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Successful high dose intravenous immunoglobulins treatment in recurrent autoimmune or alloimmune spontaneous abortion","volume":"10","author":"De Carolis C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2001.d01-12.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra993360"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09629359891199"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_2","first-page":"384","article-title":"Cytokine production and visualized effects in the feto\u2010maternal unit. 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