{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T17:34:46Z","timestamp":1794504886154,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006x.71.1.53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,11]],"date-time":"2005-10-11T17:06:41Z","timestamp":1129050401000},"page":"53-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":975,"title":["Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Greer","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie M.","family":"Mays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","unstructured":"1987"},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.883"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/10339-013","article-title":"Programmatic research on the treatment of lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: The past, the present, and the course for the future.","volume-title":"Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients","author":"Bieschke","year":"2000"},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/2648117","article-title":"Demographics of the gay and lesbian population in the United States: Evidence from available systematic data sources.","volume":"37","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Demography","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0070-3370","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.7.979","article-title":"The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"151","author":"Blazer","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90112-4"},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","unstructured":"Brim. 1996"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490009552056","article-title":"Trends in same-gender sexual partnering, 1988-1998.","volume":"37","author":"Butler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-4499","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.11.931","article-title":"Emerging issues in research on lesbians' and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter?","volume":"56","author":"Cochran","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Psychologist","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-066X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.4.573","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of suicidal symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from the NHANES III.","volume":"90","author":"Cochran","year":"2000a","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010238","article-title":"Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the U.S. population.","volume":"151","author":"Cochran","year":"2000b","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.6.1062"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080345","article-title":"Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences.","volume":"68","author":"D'Augelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9432","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676357"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","unstructured":"Epstein. 1995"},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.2.262","article-title":"Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students.","volume":"88","author":"Faulkner","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.876"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676360"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.887"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J291v03n01_05","article-title":"Social services use and need among gay\/lesbian residents of the San Francisco Bay Area.","volume":"3","author":"Gambrill","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0276-3850","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.46.9.964"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.5.487","article-title":"Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth.","volume":"153","author":"Garofalo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1072-4710","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.6.933","article-title":"Prevalences of DSM-III-R disorders among individuals reporting same-gender sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"91","author":"Gilman","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","first-page":"462","article-title":"Mental health and sexual orientation.","volume-title":"The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults","author":"Gonsiorek","year":"1996"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.52"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.6.945"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.867"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.1.65"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.4.450"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","unstructured":"Hughes. Lesbians and mental health: Preliminary results from the Chicago Women's Health Survey. 1 137 1997"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.11.1411","article-title":"Socioeconomic burden of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in a sample of the general population.","volume":"153","author":"Judd","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01315-4"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman. Factors influencing therapist selection among gays, lesbians and bisexuals. 10 287 1997","DOI":"10.1080\/09515079708254180"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833","article-title":"Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women.","volume":"152","author":"Kendler","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.47"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90026-G"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676349"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.115","article-title":"Past-year use of outpatient services for psychiatric problems in the National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"156","author":"Kessler","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2190\/HPB8-5M2N-VK6X-0FWN","article-title":"Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: A study of Black and White women and men in the CARDIA cohort.","volume":"27","author":"Krieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Services","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7314","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199301000-00002","article-title":"A longitudinal study of psychological distress in a cohort of gay men: Effects of social support and coping strategies.","volume":"181","author":"Lackner","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3018","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liddle. Gay and lesbian clients' selection of therapists and utilization of therapy. Psychotherapy 34 11 1997","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087742"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199903000-00018"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676342"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/019251398019006001","article-title":"Marital status continuity and change among young and midlife adults.","volume":"19","author":"Marks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0192-513X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1869","article-title":"Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay and bisexual adults in the United States.","volume":"91","author":"Mays","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","volume-title":"Does stress cause psychiatric illness?","volume":"Vol. 46","author":"Mazure","year":"1995"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00492.x","article-title":"Suicide and sexual orientation: A critical summary of recent research and directions for future research.","volume":"25","author":"Muehrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-0234","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v30n03_05"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10339-000","volume-title":"Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.","author":"Perez","year":"2000"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03411.x","article-title":"One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.","volume":"88","author":"Regier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-690X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.57","article-title":"The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study.","volume":"88","author":"Remafedi","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-0036","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00260-7"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.6.859"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.1.85"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.2.261"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024528427013"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","unstructured":"Shah. 1996"},{"key":"r61_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","first-page":"309","article-title":"A methodological analysis of the sexual behavior questions on the General Social Surveys.","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0282-423X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r62_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","volume-title":"Lesbian health: Current assessment and directions for the future.","author":"Solarz","year":"1999"},{"key":"r63_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(88)90038-5"},{"key":"r64_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/07399339409516124","article-title":"Lesbians' mental health concerns.","volume":"15","author":"Trippet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Health Care for Women International","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0739-9332","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r65_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","volume-title":"Gender and alcohol: Individual and social perspectives.","author":"Wilsnack","year":"1997"},{"key":"r66_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)00044-R"},{"key":"r67_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950050015002","article-title":"DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"51","author":"Wittchen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r68_10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676361"}],"container-title":["Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/ccp\/71\/1\/53.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T15:12:52Z","timestamp":1707232372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"references-count":68,"aliases":["10.1037\/\/0022-006x.71.1.53","10.1037\/\/0022-006x.71.1.53"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}},"alternative-id":["2003-01069-008","12602425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006x.71.1.53","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-2117","0022-006X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-2117","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-006X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}}}