{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:10:40Z","timestamp":1772748640682,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Educational Psychology"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,20]],"date-time":"2005-12-20T19:15:11Z","timestamp":1135106111000},"page":"538-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Expository Text Comprehension in the Primary Grade Classroom."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Joanna P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendra M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen D.","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Brooke","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"DeSisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"deCani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"193","article-title":"Content area textbooks.","volume-title":"Learning to read in American schools: Basal readers and content texts","author":"Anderson","year":"1984"},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747972"},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"359","article-title":"Textbooks and text comprehension.","volume":"75","author":"Baker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science & Education","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0926-7220","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"353","article-title":"Metacognitive skills and reading.","volume-title":"Handbook of reading research","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Baker","year":"1984"},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","unstructured":"Bernhardt. Assessing science knowledge in English-Spanish bilingual elementary school. 4 4 1995"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648259","article-title":"Beyond decoding: Pictures of expository prose.","volume":"38","author":"Calfee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-9387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Readability revisited: The new Dale-Chall readability formula.","author":"Chall","year":"1995"},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029354","volume-title":"The reading crisis: Why poor children fall behind.","author":"Chall","year":"1990"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2403_5"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.68.2.174"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson. Integrating reading and writing to teach compare-contrast text structure: A research-based methodology. 14 49 1999","DOI":"10.1080\/105735699278297"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"239","article-title":"Text organization: Research bases.","volume-title":"What reading research tells us about children with diverse learning needs: Bases and basics","author":"Dickson","year":"1998"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1170536"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.35.2.1"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effective practices for developing reading comprehension.","volume-title":"What research has to say about reading instruction","author":"Duke","year":"2002","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510216"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00072"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543071002279","article-title":"Teaching reading comprehension strategies to students with learning disabilities: A review of research.","volume":"71","author":"Gersten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0034-6543","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some observations on a simple view of reading.","volume-title":"Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention","author":"Gough","year":"1996"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"275","article-title":"Instructional contexts for reading engagement.","volume-title":"Comprehension instruction: Researcher-based best practices","author":"Guthrie","year":"2002"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"17","article-title":"Hypotheses and problems in research synthesis.","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis","author":"Hall","year":"1994"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Making the process work: Strategies for composition and self-regulation.","author":"Harris","year":"1996"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Effective teaching strategies that accommodate diverse learners.","author":"Kameenui","year":"1998"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","unstructured":"Lauer. 2002"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.87.4.537"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer. Identification of the structure of prose and its implications for the study of reading and memory. 7 7 1975","DOI":"10.1080\/10862967509547120"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1162357"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.1.141"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.3.486"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss. A qualitative assessment of first graders' retelling of expository text. 37 1 1997","DOI":"10.1080\/19388079709558251"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction.","year":"2000"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyler. Intertextual connections in read-alouds of information books. 73 324 1996","DOI":"10.58680\/la199624371"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappas. Is narrative \"primary\"? Some insights from kinder-gartners' pretend readings of stories and informational books. 25 97 1993","DOI":"10.1080\/10862969309547803"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"215","article-title":"Scaffolding urban students' initiations: Transactions in reading information books in the read-aloud curriculum.","volume-title":"Reader response in elementary classrooms: Quest and discovery","author":"Pappas","year":"1997"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"137","article-title":"Sources of comprehension failure: Theoretical perspectives and case studies.","volume-title":"Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention","author":"Perfetti","year":"1996"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X018001016","article-title":"Are cognitive skills context-bound?","volume":"18","author":"Perkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Researcher","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0013-189X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Reading instruction that works: The case for balanced teaching.","author":"Pressley","year":"1998"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"545","article-title":"What should comprehension instruction be the instruction of?","volume-title":"Handbook of reading research","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Pressley","year":"2002"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Reading for understanding.","year":"2002"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747664"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"59","article-title":"Identifying and teaching text structures in content area classrooms.","volume-title":"Content area reading and learning","author":"Simonsen","year":"2004"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"140","article-title":"Oh, excellent, excellent question!\": Developmental differences and comprehension acquisition.","volume-title":"Comprehension instruction: Research-based best practices","author":"Smolkin","year":"2002"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327035EX1101_3"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"213","article-title":"What's in a story: An approach to comprehension and instruction.","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Stein","year":"1981"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543068003277","article-title":"A synthesis of experimental intervention literature for students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes.","volume":"68","author":"Swanson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0034-6543","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","unstructured":"1999"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.2307\/1131764","article-title":"Children's and adults' memory for television stories: The role of causal factors, story-grammar categories, and hierarchical level.","volume":"67","author":"van den Broek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-3920","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"230","article-title":"Expository text.","volume-title":"Handbook of reading research","author":"Weaver","year":"1991"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test.","author":"Wechsler","year":"1992"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.2.268"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0010-9","article-title":"Improving the comprehension of disabled readers.","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-9387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","unstructured":"Williams. 2001"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","first-page":"295","article-title":"Teaching text structure to improve reading comprehension.","volume-title":"Handbook of learning disabilities","author":"Williams","year":"2003"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","unstructured":"Williams. 2005"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327035ex1203_2"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.235"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.6.1065"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401700808","article-title":"Investigating awareness of and teaching passage organization in learning disabled children.","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-2194","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","volume-title":"Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised.","author":"Woodcock","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of Educational Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/edu\/97\/4\/538.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T17:10:29Z","timestamp":1736183429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2005-15839-003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.97.4.538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-2176","0022-0663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-2176","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}