{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:51:04Z","timestamp":1791071464157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,15]],"date-time":"2005-11-15T15:45:44Z","timestamp":1132069544000},"page":"566-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["\"I Am Us\": Negative Stereotypes as Collective Threats."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey L.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012064455-1\/50017-8","article-title":"Stereotype threat: Contending and coping with unnerving expectations.","volume-title":"Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education","author":"Aronson","year":"2002"},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00763.x"},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1371"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00147-4"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.6.1194"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2000.1425"},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","first-page":"1","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation.","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","volume":"Vol. 28","author":"Blascovich","year":"1996"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.1.135"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.2.268"},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193212000-00028","volume-title":"The wisdom of the body.","author":"Cannon","year":"1932"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen. 2003","DOI":"10.1155\/S1073792803208102"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012064455-1\/50018-X","article-title":"A barrier of mistrust: How negative stereotypes affect cross-race mentoring.","volume-title":"Improving academic achievement: Impact of psychological factors on education","author":"Cohen","year":"2002"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167299258011","article-title":"The mentor's dilemma: Providing critical feedback across the racial divide.","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosby. The denial of personal discrimination. 27 371 1984","DOI":"10.1177\/000276484027003008"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.1.5"},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.4.872","article-title":"Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history.","volume":"75","author":"Doosje","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3514","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.341"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1082"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.3.617"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/0144666042037999"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.243"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.3.307"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","volume-title":"Racism: A short history.","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2002"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.2.109"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.35.7.603"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","volume-title":"Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents.","author":"Harter","year":"1988"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.6.895"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.4.654"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","unstructured":"Iserman. 2004"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164759"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.3.283"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.14481"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.1.78"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00008"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","volume-title":"Resolving social conflicts.","author":"Lewin","year":"1948"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-5978(02)00538-1"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167200262002","article-title":"Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?","volume":"26","author":"Leyens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167292183006","article-title":"A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity.","volume":"18","author":"Luhtanen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167298241003","article-title":"Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement.","volume":"24","author":"Major","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","first-page":"37","article-title":"The \"black sheep effect\": Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability.","volume-title":"European review of social psychology","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Marques","year":"1994"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.4.896"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167294202007","article-title":"When we observe stigmatized and \"normal\" individuals interacting: Stigma by association.","volume":"20","author":"Neuberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1519833"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-6402.t01-1-00066"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00088-X"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201272002","article-title":"Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.","volume":"27","author":"Robins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0201_3"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2001.1500"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.4.805"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00182"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00111"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674043848","volume-title":"The scar of race.","author":"Sniderman","year":"1993"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297235009","article-title":"Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification.","volume":"23","author":"Spears","year":"1997","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0146-1672","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1373"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.5.1191"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","first-page":"379","article-title":"Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat.","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","volume":"Vol. 34","author":"Steele","year":"2002"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","unstructured":"Steele. 2003"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1213"},{"key":"r61_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","first-page":"7","article-title":"The social identity theory of intergroup behavior.","volume-title":"The psychology of intergroup relations","author":"Tajfel","year":"1986"},{"key":"r62_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","first-page":"181","article-title":"Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior.","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","volume":"Vol. 21","author":"Tesser","year":"1988"},{"key":"r63_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.4.917"},{"key":"r64_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00019-2"},{"key":"r65_10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.7106012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/psp\/89\/4\/566.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T14:08:41Z","timestamp":1718028521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2005-13803-009","16287419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1315","0022-3514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1315","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-3514","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}