{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1793016906984,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Bulletin"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,3]],"date-time":"2005-08-03T20:18:40Z","timestamp":1123100320000},"page":"592-617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":392,"title":["Generalist Genes and Learning Disabilities."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Plomin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Kovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949703000605","article-title":"A twin study of mathematics disability.","volume":"30","author":"Alarcon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-2194","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(99)00037-0"},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324069"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Working memory.","author":"Baddeley","year":"1986"},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-997-0021-y","article-title":"Dyslexia and the double deficit hypothesis.","volume":"47","author":"Badian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-9387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb15158.x","article-title":"Reading disability in twins.","volume":"15","author":"Bakwin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0012-1622","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03214-1"},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/136905202762342017"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341095"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4478"},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016909697386628"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027249897391946"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002196300100662X"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4201.155","article-title":"Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: Evidence from a twin study.","volume":"42","author":"Bishop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1092-4388","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"Is EF, GF?: A developmental neuroscience examination of component process and psychometric approaches to the study of human cognitive abilities.","author":"Blair","journal-title":"Psychological Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-295X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng803"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(90)90006-D"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BEGE.0000038493.26202.d3"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02623"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0780"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571312","volume-title":"Human cognitive abilities.","author":"Carroll","year":"1993"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00522-4"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960042000012"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.5.749"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5343.1580"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.10.005"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Handbook of molecular-genetic techniques for brain and behavior research.","author":"Crusio","year":"1999"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900004281"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013305730430"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524175.001.0001","volume-title":"Looking down on human intelligence: From psychometrics to the brain.","author":"Deary","year":"2000"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01623-5"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeFries. Multiple regression analysis of twin data: Etiology of deviant scores versus individual differences. 37 205 1988","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000003810"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/10131-006","article-title":"Genetics and reading disability.","volume-title":"Nature, nurture, and psychology","author":"DeFries","year":"1993"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.125"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402005"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35103511"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5929.001.0001","volume-title":"Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development.","author":"Elman","year":"1996"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01025"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1965.tb00500.x","article-title":"The inheritance of liability to certain diseases estimated from the incidence among relatives.","volume":"29","author":"Falconer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Annals of Human Genetics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-4800","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166093"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400001053"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"Tangled webs: Tracing the connections between genes and cognition.","author":"Fisher","journal-title":"Cognition","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0010-0277","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn936"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng792"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4737.001.0001","volume-title":"The modularity of mind.","author":"Fodor","year":"1983"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/426404"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.1.116"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00010695"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2002_3"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(02)00181-9"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.531"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/344715a0"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-008","article-title":"An integrative neuroscience program linking genes to cognition and disease.","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era","author":"Grant","year":"2003"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1405"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963001006564"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","unstructured":"Grigorenko. 2004"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.025"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","unstructured":"Harlaar. Correspondence between telephone testing and teacher assessments of reading skills in a sample of 7-year-old twins: II. Strong genetic overlap. Reading and Writing"},{"key":"r61_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","unstructured":"Harlaar. Reading and general cognitive ability: A multivariate analysis of 7-year-old twins."},{"key":"r62_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00358.x"},{"key":"r63_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","unstructured":"Hayiou-Thomas. 2004"},{"key":"r64_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","unstructured":"Hayiou-Thomas. 2004"},{"key":"r65_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.2.590"},{"key":"r66_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(03)00057-1"},{"key":"r67_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062"},{"key":"r68_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5398.83"},{"key":"r69_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"The g factor: The science of mental ability.","author":"Jensen","year":"1998"},{"key":"r70_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.2.512"},{"key":"r71_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1579.001.0001","volume-title":"Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science.","author":"Karmiloff-Smith","year":"1992"},{"key":"r72_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"The genetic basis of common diseases (Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics).","author":"King","year":"2002"},{"key":"r73_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/136905299320565906"},{"key":"r74_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025622400239"},{"key":"r75_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00040-3"},{"key":"r76_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016069012111"},{"key":"r77_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"Generalist genes and mathematics in 7-year-old twins.","author":"Kovas","journal-title":"Intelligence","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0160-2896","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r78_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35097076"},{"key":"r79_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg247"},{"key":"r80_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"153","article-title":"Gene expression informatics.","volume":"258","author":"Leach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1064-3745","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r81_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Children with specific language impairment.","author":"Leonard","year":"1998"},{"key":"r82_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800204","article-title":"Comorbidity of reading and mathematics disabilities: Genetic and environmental etiologies.","volume":"28","author":"Light","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-2194","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r83_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"215","article-title":"Multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of achievement and cognitive measures in reading-disabled and control twin pairs.","volume":"70","author":"Light","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Biology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0018-7143","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r84_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35049070"},{"key":"r85_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7560\/730038","volume-title":"Heredity, environment and personality.","author":"Loehlin","year":"1976"},{"key":"r86_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02661"},{"key":"r87_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"Using multivariate linkage methods to locate QTLs for word recognition and IQ","author":"Luciano","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-8244","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r88_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-010","article-title":"Genetic covariance between processing speed and IQ.","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era","author":"Luciano","year":"2003"},{"key":"r89_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(02)00113-7"},{"key":"r90_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023438323100"},{"key":"r91_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"Defining dyslexia, comorbidity, teachers' knowledge of language and reading: A definition of dyslexia.","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-9387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r92_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368201"},{"key":"r93_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1977.9","article-title":"The genetical analysis of covariance structure.","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Heredity","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0018-067X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r94_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01080047"},{"key":"r95_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1976.tb00946.x","article-title":"Twins with academic learning problems: Antecedent characteristics.","volume":"46","author":"Matheny","year":"1976","journal-title":"The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9432","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r96_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0011-7","article-title":"Complexities in identifying and defining mathematics learning disability in the primary school-age years.","volume":"53","author":"Mazzocco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0736-9387","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r97_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00020"},{"key":"r98_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition.","author":"Morgan","year":"1996"},{"key":"r99_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"935","article-title":"Models of comorbidity for multi-factorial disorders.","volume":"57","author":"Neale","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9297","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r100_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(00)00036-2"},{"key":"r101_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339931"},{"key":"r102_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver. 2004","DOI":"10.1002\/bl.38620047502"},{"key":"r103_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.3.504"},{"key":"r104_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378900"},{"key":"r105_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"A multiple deficit model for understanding developmental disorders.","author":"Pennington","journal-title":"Cognition","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0010-0277","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r106_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561850"},{"key":"r107_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"281","article-title":"The case for general intelligence: A behavioral genetic perspective.","volume-title":"The general factor of intelligence: How general is it?","author":"Petrill","year":"2002"},{"key":"r108_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/e412952005-009","volume-title":"The language instinct.","author":"Pinker","year":"1994"},{"key":"r109_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"101","article-title":"Genetic risk and psychosocial disorders: Links between the normal and abnormal.","volume-title":"Biological risk factors for psychosocial disorders","author":"Plomin","year":"1991"},{"key":"r110_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30057-9","article-title":"Genetic factors contributing to learning and language delays and disabilities.","volume":"10","author":"Plomin","year":"2001a","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1056-4993","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r111_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35053584"},{"key":"r112_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511550072.002","article-title":"Genes and behaviour: Cognitive abilities and disabilities in normal populations.","volume-title":"Disorders of Brain and Mind II","author":"Plomin","year":"2003a","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"r113_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001249"},{"key":"r114_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067347"},{"key":"r115_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1201-1153"},{"key":"r116_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01853-2"},{"key":"r117_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.1.112"},{"key":"r118_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-000","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era.","author":"Plomin","year":"2003"},{"key":"r119_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Behavioral Genetics","author":"Plomin","year":"2001","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"r120_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8209254","article-title":"The genetic basis of complex human behaviors.","volume":"264","author":"Plomin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r121_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013349512683"},{"key":"r122_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-009","article-title":"Genetic contributions to anatomical, behavioral, and neurophysiological indices of cognition.","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era","author":"Posthuma","year":"2003"},{"key":"r123_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0202-83"},{"key":"r124_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BEGE.0000017871.87431.2a"},{"key":"r125_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025600423013"},{"key":"r126_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526817","volume-title":"From neuropsychology to mental structure.","author":"Shallice","year":"1988"},{"key":"r127_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.019"},{"key":"r128_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"r129_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100636200"},{"key":"r130_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338649"},{"key":"r131_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","first-page":"454","article-title":"Concordance in twins: Methods and interpretation.","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9297","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r132_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1412107"},{"key":"r133_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement.","author":"Spearman","year":"1927"},{"key":"r134_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00685.x"},{"key":"r135_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354961"},{"key":"r136_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00207.x","article-title":"A twin study of genetic influences on reading and spelling ability and disability.","volume":"28","author":"Stevenson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9630","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r137_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stromswold. The heritability of language: A review and meta-analysis of twin, adoption, and linkage studies. 77 647 2001","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2001.0247"},{"key":"r138_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1833911100"},{"key":"r139_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00124.x"},{"key":"r140_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn758"},{"key":"r141_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/136905204774200550"},{"key":"r142_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition.","author":"Tomasello","year":"2003"},{"key":"r143_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4101.188","article-title":"Heritability of poor language achievement among twins.","volume":"41","author":"Tomblin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1092-4388","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r144_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency.","author":"Torgesen","year":"1999"},{"key":"r145_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/136905202320906255"},{"key":"r146_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","article-title":"Genetics of EEG coherence and IQ in young twins.","author":"van Baal","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-8244","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r147_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021637328512"},{"key":"r148_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0364-0213(00)00036-7"},{"key":"r149_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12695"},{"key":"r150_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807947.013","article-title":"The neuropsychology and psychophysiology of human intelligence.","volume-title":"Handbook of Intelligence","author":"Vernon","year":"2000"},{"key":"r151_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/099)"},{"key":"r152_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00223.x"},{"key":"r153_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195157475.003.0004","article-title":"Etiology of the stability of reading performance from 7 to 12 years of age and its possible mediation by IQ.","volume-title":"Nature, nurture, and the transition to early adolescence.","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2003"},{"key":"r154_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02197237"},{"key":"r155_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)00112-6"},{"key":"r156_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008020426672"},{"key":"r157_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-013","article-title":"Genetic etiology of comorbid reading difficulties and ADHD.","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era","author":"Willcutt","year":"2003"},{"key":"r158_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300404","article-title":"The question of naming-speed deficits in developmental reading disability: An introduction to the double-deficit hypothesis.","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-2194","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r159_10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1270"}],"container-title":["Psychological Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/bul\/131\/4\/592.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:45:12Z","timestamp":1735865112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}},"alternative-id":["2005-08334-006","16060804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1455","0033-2909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1455","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0033-2909","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}