{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:26:59Z","timestamp":1794374819239,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Review"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.108.1.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T18:11:13Z","timestamp":1128449473000},"page":"4-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":793,"title":["A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Bouton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mineka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.20.2.199"},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199026","article-title":"Intensification of punishment effects through exposure to prolonged, fixed-duration shocks: The role of shock cues as a stimulus for fear.","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Behavior principles in everyday life.","author":"Baldwin","year":"1998","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic.","author":"Barlow","year":"1988"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"The nature of anxiety: Anxiety, depression, and emotional disorders.","volume-title":"Chronic anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression","author":"Barlow","year":"1991"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Barlow."},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Mastery of your anxiety and panic: Client workbook for anxiety and panic (MAP-3).","author":"Barlow","year":"2000"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830080079013","article-title":"Advances in the psychosocial treatment of anxiety disorders: Implications for national health care.","volume":"53","author":"Barlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.3.553"},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Barlow. 1996"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01441484"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.57","article-title":"A prospective study of panic and anxiety in agoraphobia with panic disorder.","volume":"160","author":"Basoglu","year":"1992","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1250","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7652558","article-title":"Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans.","volume":"269","author":"Bechara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Anxiety disorders and phobias.","author":"Beck","year":"1985"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/10223-014","article-title":"Stimulus, environmental, and pharmacological control of defensive behaviors.","volume-title":"Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles","author":"Blanchard","year":"1997"},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-6419-0_13","article-title":"Risk assessment and animal models of anxiety.","volume-title":"Animal models in psychopharmacology","author":"Blanchard","year":"1991"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026779"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"305","article-title":"An ethoexperimental approach to the study of fear.","volume":"37","author":"Blanchard","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Psychological Record","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-2933","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0000491X","article-title":"A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain.","volume":"3","author":"Bolles","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-525X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.17.3.323"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"5","article-title":"The nature, functions, and origins of worry.","volume-title":"Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment","author":"Borkovec","year":"1994"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.10.1.56"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90113-1"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"25","article-title":"Context and retrieval in extinction and in other examples of interference in simple associative learning.","volume-title":"Current topics in animal learning: Brain, emotion, and cognition","author":"Bouton","year":"1991a"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"435","article-title":"A contextual analysis of fear extinction.","volume-title":"Handbook of behavior therapy and psychological science: An integrative approach","author":"Bouton","year":"1991b"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.80"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.20.3.219"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10769943"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.Suppl1.57"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.9.3.248"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.12.1.4"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Bouton. 1998a"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"59","article-title":"The role of context in classical conditioning: Some implications for cognitive behavior therapy.","volume-title":"Learning and behavior therapy","author":"Bouton","year":"1998b"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209840","article-title":"Renewal of extinguished responding in a second context.","volume":"22","author":"Bouton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.12.4.333"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(91)90091-8"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.17.3.299"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.20.3.292"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.17.3.312"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196412000-00009","article-title":"The psychophysiology of anxiety with a review of the literature concerning adrenaline.","volume":"139","author":"Breggin","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3018","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(64)90027-5"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060166"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.179"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"27","article-title":"Genetic determinants of avoidance learning: Mediation by emotionality?","volume-title":"Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior","author":"Brush","year":"1985"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/10169-008","article-title":"Learned alarms: The origins of panic.","volume-title":"Theories of behavior therapy: Exploring behavior change","author":"Carter","year":"1995"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.156"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03331932","article-title":"Morphine's interoceptive stimuli as cues for the development of associative morphine tolerance in the rat.","volume":"25","author":"Cepeda-Benito","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychobiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0889-6313","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.1090"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/107385849800400111","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear: Circuits, mechanisms, and neurochemical interaction, part 1.","volume":"4","author":"Charney","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1073-8584","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Some properties of conditioned inhibition.","volume":"22","author":"Chorazyna","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Biologiae Experimentalis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0365-0820","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.1.3"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(98)80043-9"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"71","article-title":"A cognitive model of panic attacks.","volume-title":"Panic: Psychological perspectives","author":"Clark","year":"1988"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"318","article-title":"Panic disorder: From theory to therapy.","volume-title":"Frontiers of cognitive therapy","author":"Clark","year":"1996"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(82)90034-9"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73543-1_13","article-title":"Tests of a cognitive theory of panic.","volume-title":"Panic and phobias II.","author":"Clark","year":"1988"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.6.759","article-title":"A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder.","volume":"164","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1250","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Clark. 1990"},{"key":"r61_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316"},{"key":"r62_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.1.103"},{"key":"r63_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.77"},{"key":"r64_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101836","article-title":"Studies of breathing, pulmonary ventilation, and subjective awareness of shortness of breath (dyspnea) in neurocirculatory asthenia, effort syndrome, anxiety neurosis.","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"1947","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-9738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r65_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"Life situations, emotions, and neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, neurasthenia, effort syndrome).","volume-title":"Life stress and bodily disease (Nervous and Mental Disease, Research Publication No. 29).","author":"Cohen","year":"1950"},{"key":"r66_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Associative representations of instrumental contingencies.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory.","volume":"Vol. 31","author":"Colwill","year":"1994"},{"key":"r67_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209158","article-title":"Encoding of the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning.","volume":"22","author":"Colwill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r68_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.14.2.155"},{"key":"r69_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.1.5"},{"key":"r70_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.3.195"},{"key":"r71_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.4.1619"},{"key":"r72_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Anxiety disorders: Psychological approaches to theory and treatment.","author":"Craske","year":"1999"},{"key":"r73_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.214"},{"key":"r74_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90158-F"},{"key":"r75_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(74)90027-7"},{"key":"r76_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"518","article-title":"Drug conditioning and drug-seeking behavior.","volume-title":"Learning and behavior therapy","author":"Cunningham","year":"1998"},{"key":"r77_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90130-M"},{"key":"r78_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"255","article-title":"The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear.","volume-title":"The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction","author":"Davis","year":"1992"},{"key":"r79_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0149","article-title":"Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex.","volume-title":"Biological and psychological perspectives on memory and memory disorders.","author":"Davis","year":"1997"},{"key":"r80_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199015","article-title":"Effects of several extinction treatments upon the integrity of Pavlovian stimulus-outcome associations.","volume":"24","author":"Delamater","year":"1996","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r81_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(87)90018-4"},{"key":"r82_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210946","article-title":"Formulation of a behavior system for sexual conditioning.","volume":"1","author":"Domjan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1069-9384","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r83_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/10223-002","article-title":"Behavior systems and the demise of equipotentiality: Historical antecedents and evidence from sexual conditioning.","volume-title":"Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles","author":"Domjan","year":"1997"},{"key":"r84_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The principles of learning and behavior.","author":"Domjan","year":"1998","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"r85_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197958","article-title":"Conditioning copulatory behavior to an artificial object: Efficacy of stimulus fading.","volume":"20","author":"Domjan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r86_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Learning and physiological regulation.","author":"Dworkin","year":"1993"},{"key":"r87_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90025-P"},{"key":"r88_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.164"},{"key":"r89_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.3.371"},{"key":"r90_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05153-8"},{"key":"r91_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Frageb\u00f6gen zu k\u00f6rperbezogenen \u00c4ngsten, Kognitionen and Vermeidung.","author":"Ehlers","year":"1992"},{"key":"r92_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90028-9"},{"key":"r93_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00309.x"},{"key":"r94_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.5.507"},{"key":"r95_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The biological basis of personality.","author":"Eysenck","year":"1967"},{"key":"r96_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00061653","article-title":"The conditioning model of neurosis.","volume":"2","author":"Eysenck","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-525X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r97_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Behavior therapy and the neuroses.","author":"Eysenck","year":"1960"},{"key":"r98_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The causes and cures of neurosis.","author":"Eysenck","year":"1965"},{"key":"r99_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03001163","article-title":"Conditional and unconditional components of postshock freezing.","volume":"15","author":"Fanselow","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0093-2213","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r100_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2403-1_9","article-title":"The adaptive function of conditioned defensive behavior: An ecological approach to Pavlovian stimulus-substitution theory.","volume-title":"Ethoexperimental approaches to the study of behavior","author":"Fanselow","year":"1989"},{"key":"r101_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210947","article-title":"Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear.","volume":"1","author":"Fanselow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1069-9384","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r102_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"185","article-title":"A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior.","volume-title":"Evolution and learning","author":"Fanselow","year":"1988"},{"key":"r103_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.429"},{"key":"r104_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(96)80026-8"},{"key":"r105_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.291"},{"key":"r106_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(96)80024-4"},{"key":"r107_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"334","article-title":"Tonic immobility: Evolutionary underpinnings of human catalepsy and catatonia.","volume-title":"Psychopathology: Experimental models","author":"Gallup","year":"1977"},{"key":"r108_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.22.3.258"},{"key":"r109_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.1997.0953"},{"key":"r110_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210829","article-title":"The role of US signal value in contingency, drug conditioning, and learned helplessness.","volume":"6","author":"Goddard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1069-9384","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r111_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.14.2.177"},{"key":"r112_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(78)80053-7"},{"key":"r113_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray. 1996","DOI":"10.1049\/ee.1996.0049"},{"key":"r114_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429726"},{"key":"r115_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90040-X"},{"key":"r116_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x","article-title":"Fear-potentiated startle in humans: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex.","volume":"28","author":"Grillon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychophysiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0048-5772","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r117_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034653"},{"key":"r118_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.15.3.232"},{"key":"r119_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02366.x","article-title":"Affective learning: Awareness and aversion.","volume":"33","author":"Hamm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychophysiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0048-5772","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r120_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.12.5.449"},{"key":"r121_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200002000-00021"},{"key":"r122_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00224-3"},{"key":"r123_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.3.376"},{"key":"r124_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(75)90033-8"},{"key":"r125_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"43","article-title":"Fearful memories: The motivational significance of forgetting.","volume-title":"Affect, conditioning and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior","author":"Hendersen","year":"1985"},{"key":"r126_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1980.tb01064.x","article-title":"On the ability of prey to recognize predators.","volume":"54","author":"Hirsch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0044-3573","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r127_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810120055009","article-title":"Somatic manifestations in women with generalized anxiety disorder: Psychophysiological responses to psychological stress.","volume":"46","author":"Hoehn-Saric","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r128_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.3.1.77"},{"key":"r129_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209799","article-title":"Feature extinction enhances transfer of occasion setting.","volume":"17","author":"Holland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r130_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"69","article-title":"Occasion setting in Pavlovian conditioning.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"Vol. 28","author":"Holland","year":"1992"},{"key":"r131_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollis. Pavlovian conditioning of signal-centered action patterns and autonomic behavior: A biological analysis of function. 12 131 1982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60045-5"},{"key":"r132_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.9.956"},{"key":"r133_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4093.1383","article-title":"Control of their environment reduces emotionality in rats.","volume":"180","author":"Joffe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r134_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.2.290"},{"key":"r135_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing.","volume-title":"The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction","author":"Kapp","year":"1992"},{"key":"r136_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00013-4"},{"key":"r137_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.5.668","article-title":"Psychological precursors of panic attacks.","volume":"160","author":"Kenardy","year":"1992","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1250","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r138_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833","article-title":"Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women.","volume":"152","author":"Kendler","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r139_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia.","volume":"49","author":"Kendler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r140_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007","article-title":"The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women: Phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism.","volume":"52","author":"Kendler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r141_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r142_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.25.4.491"},{"key":"r143_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90049-Z"},{"key":"r144_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"235","article-title":"Anxiety reconceptualized.","volume-title":"Anxiety: New research and changing concepts","author":"Klein","year":"1981"},{"key":"r145_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Integrative activity of the brain.","author":"Konorski","year":"1967"},{"key":"r146_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(83)90004-8"},{"key":"r147_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90133-4"},{"key":"r148_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62132-9","article-title":"Long-term behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience.","volume-title":"Progress in brain research: The biological basis for mind body interactions","volume":"Vol. 122","author":"Ladd","year":"2000"},{"key":"r149_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.211"},{"key":"r150_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.5.372"},{"key":"r151_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.3.377"},{"key":"r152_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00343-8"},{"key":"r153_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455850092007","article-title":"The relationship between cognitions and anxiety.","volume":"9","author":"Last","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behavior Modification","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0145-4455","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r154_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life.","author":"LeDoux","year":"1996"},{"key":"r155_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Leventhal. 1982"},{"key":"r156_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.5.688"},{"key":"r157_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67783-0_5","article-title":"Personality and conditioning.","volume-title":"A model for personality","author":"Levey","year":"1981"},{"key":"r158_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Levy. 1998"},{"key":"r159_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790190038004","article-title":"Lactate provocation of panic.","volume":"41","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r160_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300077010","article-title":"Lactate provocation of panic attacks: II. Biochemical and physiological findings.","volume":"42","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r161_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.95.2.353","article-title":"The effect of adrenaline and mecholyl in states of anxiety in psychoneurotic patients.","volume":"95","author":"Lindemann","year":"1938","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r162_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0813483900005465","article-title":"Conditioning and cognitive-behaviour therapy.","volume":"10","author":"Lovibond","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Change","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0813-4839","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r163_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.10.3.360"},{"key":"r164_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The psychology of animal learning.","author":"Mackintosh","year":"1974"},{"key":"r165_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076778"},{"key":"r166_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.16.2.137"},{"key":"r167_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.105.1.3"},{"key":"r168_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Margraf. 1995"},{"key":"r169_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198601000-00002","article-title":"Sodium lactate infusions and panic attacks: A review and critique.","volume":"48","author":"Margraf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-3174","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r170_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Fears and phobias.","author":"Marks","year":"1969"},{"key":"r171_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197405000-00002","article-title":"Tonic immobility in the chicken: Catalepsy potentiation by uncontrollable shock and alleviation by imipramine.","volume":"36","author":"Maser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-3174","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r172_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6681-6_3","article-title":"Psychopathology and genetics.","volume-title":"Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology.","author":"McGuffin","year":"1984"},{"key":"r173_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.403"},{"key":"r174_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Panic disorder: A critical analysis.","author":"McNally","year":"1994"},{"key":"r175_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"Theoretical approaches to the fear of anxiety.","volume-title":"Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety.","author":"McNally","year":"1999"},{"key":"r176_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.1.146"},{"key":"r177_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety.","author":"McNaughton","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0165-0327","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r178_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199023","article-title":"Divergence of conditioned eyeblink and conditioned fear in backward Pavlovian training.","volume":"25","author":"McNish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r179_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)00039-5"},{"key":"r180_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90149-6"},{"key":"r181_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"199","article-title":"Animal models of anxiety-based disorders: Their usefulness and limitations.","volume-title":"Anxiety and the anxiety disorders","author":"Mineka","year":"1985a"},{"key":"r182_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"55","article-title":"The frightful complexity of the origins of fears.","volume-title":"Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior","author":"Mineka","year":"1985b"},{"key":"r183_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.122.1.23"},{"key":"r184_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.36.020185.002431"},{"key":"r185_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"163","article-title":"The relationship between anxiety, lack of control, and loss of control.","volume-title":"Stress, personal control and health","author":"Mineka","year":"1989"},{"key":"r186_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.2.256"},{"key":"r187_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9715-2_3","article-title":"Animal models of psychopathology.","volume-title":"Clinical psychology: Historical and research foundations","author":"Mineka","year":"1991"},{"key":"r188_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Conditioning and ethological models of social phobia.","volume-title":"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment","author":"Mineka","year":"1995"},{"key":"r189_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Mineka. 1996"},{"key":"r190_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"429","article-title":"Experimental approaches to understanding the mood and anxiety disorders.","volume-title":"Advances in psychological research","volume":"volume 2","author":"Mineka","year":"1998"},{"key":"r191_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.10.3.307"},{"key":"r192_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130447"},{"key":"r193_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.599"},{"key":"r194_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.49.1.377"},{"key":"r195_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"87","article-title":"Inverting the traditional view of \u201clearned helplessness.\u201d","volume-title":"Fear, avoidance, and phobias","author":"Minor","year":"1991"},{"key":"r196_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.406"},{"key":"r197_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00321-S"},{"key":"r198_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"102","article-title":"On the dual nature of learning-A re-interpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving.”.","volume":"17","author":"Mowrer","year":"1947","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-8055","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r199_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10802-000","volume-title":"Learning theory and behavior.","author":"Mowrer","year":"1960"},{"key":"r200_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057165"},{"key":"r201_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(92)90110-T"},{"key":"r202_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(86)80054-5"},{"key":"r203_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"1996"},{"key":"r204_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"1997"},{"key":"r205_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"\u00d6hman. 2001"},{"key":"r206_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"296","article-title":"Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms.","volume-title":"The Cognitive neuroscience of emotion","author":"\u00d6hman","year":"2000"},{"key":"r207_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(81)90134-0"},{"key":"r208_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(81)90134-0"},{"key":"r209_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"211","article-title":"Toward a reanalysis of the causal structure of the learned helplessness syndrome.","volume-title":"Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior","author":"Overmier","year":"1985"},{"key":"r210_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pavlovian conditioning and the mediation of behavior.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"Vol. 13","author":"Overmier","year":"1979"},{"key":"r211_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Parental overprotection: A risk factor in psychosocial development.","author":"Parker","year":"1983"},{"key":"r212_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Conditioned reflexes.","author":"Pavlov","year":"1927"},{"key":"r213_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.6.532"},{"key":"r214_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.23.1.84"},{"key":"r215_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195044669.001.0001","volume-title":"Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control.","author":"Peterson","year":"1993"},{"key":"r216_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics","author":"Plomin","year":"1997","edition":"third edition"},{"key":"r217_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.1.89"},{"key":"r218_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(77)90041-9"},{"key":"r219_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Fear and courage.","author":"Rachman","year":"1990"},{"key":"r220_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(91)90093-A"},{"key":"r221_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Panic and cognition.","author":"Rachman","year":"1988"},{"key":"r222_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90031-9"},{"key":"r223_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.170"},{"key":"r224_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(86)90059-5"},{"key":"r225_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0039848"},{"key":"r226_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(72)90021-5"},{"key":"r227_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(87)90007-9"},{"key":"r228_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(91)90092-9"},{"key":"r229_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90143-9"},{"key":"r230_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035964"},{"key":"r231_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"299","article-title":"Conditioned inhibition and facilitation.","volume-title":"Information processing in animals: Conditioned inhibition","author":"Rescorla","year":"1985"},{"key":"r232_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.12.1.16"},{"key":"r233_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.26.3.251"},{"key":"r234_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198928","article-title":"Summation in autoshaping.","volume":"23","author":"Rescorla","year":"1995","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r235_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.3.3.203"},{"key":"r236_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.6.4.339"},{"key":"r237_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(77)90044-3"},{"key":"r238_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024475"},{"key":"r239_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"64","article-title":"A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement.","volume-title":"Classical conditioning: II. Current research and theory","author":"Rescorla","year":"1972"},{"key":"r240_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.2.325"},{"key":"r241_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"111","article-title":"Phenomenology, assessment, and the cognitive model of panic.","volume-title":"Panic: Psychological perspectives","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1988"},{"key":"r242_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00083-6"},{"key":"r243_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810020059010","article-title":"The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air.","volume":"46","author":"Sanderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r244_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10298-000","volume-title":"Occasion setting: Associative learning and cognition in animals.","author":"Schmajuk","year":"1998"},{"key":"r245_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.3.355"},{"key":"r246_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.532"},{"key":"r247_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527692.006","article-title":"Impact of family processes on control beliefs.","volume-title":"Self-efficacy in changing societies","author":"Schneewind","year":"1995"},{"key":"r248_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"321","article-title":"Competing theories of panic.","volume-title":"Panic: Psychological perspectives","author":"Seligman","year":"1988"},{"key":"r249_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"165","article-title":"The safety signal hypothesis.","volume-title":"Operant-Pavlovian interactions","author":"Seligman","year":"1977"},{"key":"r250_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-137950-6.50011-0","article-title":"Unpredic table and uncontrollable aversive events.","volume-title":"Aversive conditioning and learning","author":"Seligman","year":"1971"},{"key":"r251_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"The anxiety disease.","author":"Sheehan","year":"1983"},{"key":"r252_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077058"},{"key":"r253_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.102.2.228"},{"key":"r254_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"115","article-title":"Pharmacological conditioning and drug effects.","volume-title":"Psychoactive drugs: Tolerance and sensitization","author":"Siegel","year":"1989"},{"key":"r255_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.1996.0008"},{"key":"r256_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058943"},{"key":"r257_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"183","article-title":"Studies on avoidance conditioning: III. Alimentary conditioned reflex model of the avoidance reflex.","volume":"20","author":"Soltysik","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Biologiae Experimentalis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0365-0820","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r258_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(83)90010-3"},{"key":"r259_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3131-0.50017-2","article-title":"The motivational components of manifest anxiety: Drive and drive stimuli.","volume-title":"Anxiety and behavior","author":"Spence","year":"1966"},{"key":"r260_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.143"},{"key":"r261_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199928","article-title":"Modulatory mechanisms in Pavlovian conditioning.","volume":"23","author":"Swartzentruber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0090-4996","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r262_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950060069011","article-title":"Klein's suffocation theory of panic.","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r263_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"189","article-title":"Cognitive models and treatments for panic. A critical evaluation.","volume-title":"Panic: Psychological perspectives","author":"Teasdale","year":"1988"},{"key":"r264_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","unstructured":"Telch. 1995"},{"key":"r265_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90007-7"},{"key":"r266_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"681","article-title":"Structure of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report.","volume-title":"Anxiety and the anxiety disorders","author":"Tellegen","year":"1985"},{"key":"r267_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.1.2.114"},{"key":"r268_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"93","article-title":"Psychological theories of panic disorder.","volume-title":"Panic disorder: Clinical diagnosis, management, and mechanisms","author":"Thorn","year":"1999"},{"key":"r269_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90108-1"},{"key":"r270_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210945","article-title":"Behavior systems, associationism, and Pavlovian conditioning.","volume":"1","author":"Timberlake","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1069-9384","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r271_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1126\/science.190.4215.690","article-title":"Auto-shaping in rats to the presentation of another rat predicting food.","volume":"190","author":"Timberlake","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0036-8075","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r272_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"211","article-title":"Appetitive behavior in ethology, psychology, and behavioral systems.","volume-title":"Perspectives in ethology","volume":"Vol. 11","author":"Timberlake","year":"1995"},{"key":"r273_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.8.1.62"},{"key":"r274_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Purposive behavior in animals and men.","author":"Tolman","year":"1932"},{"key":"r275_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"427","article-title":"The second learning process in instrumental learning.","volume-title":"Classical conditioning. II: Current research and theory","author":"Trapold","year":"1972"},{"key":"r276_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","volume-title":"Anxiety and the anxiety disorders.","author":"Tuma","year":"1985"},{"key":"r277_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(82)90032-8"},{"key":"r278_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.6.823","article-title":"The effects of childhood parental death and divorce on six-month history of anxiety disorders.","volume":"154","author":"Tweed","year":"1989","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1250","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r279_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"39","article-title":"Longitudinal course of panic disorder: Clinical and biological considerations. Progressive-Neuro-psychopharmacology &","volume":"9","author":"Uhde","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-3223","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r280_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"The explanation of experimental panic.","volume-title":"Panic: Psychological perspectives.","author":"Van den Hout","year":"1988"},{"key":"r281_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1970.13-75"},{"key":"r282_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03330733","article-title":"Interstimulus interval functions in different response systems during classical discrimination conditioning of rabbits.","volume":"9","author":"VanDercar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychonomic Science","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-3131","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r283_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stimulus selection and a modified continuity theory.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"Vol. 36","author":"Wagner","year":"1969"},{"key":"r284_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"95","article-title":"Priming in STM: An information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance.","volume-title":"Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior, and neurophysiology","author":"Wagner","year":"1976"},{"key":"r285_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"5","article-title":"SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior.","volume-title":"Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms","author":"Wagner","year":"1981"},{"key":"r286_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"149","article-title":"Evolution of a structured connectionist model of Pavlovian conditioning (AESOP).","volume-title":"Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory","author":"Wagner","year":"1989"},{"key":"r287_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465"},{"key":"r288_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0069608","article-title":"Conditioned emotional reactions.","volume":"3","author":"Watson","year":"1920","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-0965","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r289_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031583"},{"key":"r290_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029562"},{"key":"r291_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.4.863"},{"key":"r292_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.5.1.13"},{"key":"r293_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296915"},{"key":"r294_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.3.3.240"},{"key":"r295_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.4.511"},{"key":"r296_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","first-page":"103","article-title":"The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder and agoraphobia.","volume-title":"Panic disorder and agoraphogia","author":"Wittchen","year":"1991"},{"key":"r297_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90138-6"},{"key":"r298_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200770","article-title":"The psychobiology of meals.","volume":"1","author":"Woods","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1069-9384","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r299_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1153","article-title":"The DSM-IV field trial for mixed-anxiety depression.","volume":"151","author":"Zinbarg","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r300_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.4.1024"},{"key":"r301_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"Fear responses to hyperventilation and 5.5% carbon dioxide enriched air and anxiety sensitivity: A reanalysis of Rapee, Brown, Antony, & Barlow (1992).","author":"Zinbarg","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-843X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r302_10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.1.86","article-title":"Cognitive aspects of panic attacks: Content, course, and relationship to laboratory stressors.","volume":"155","author":"Zucker","year":"1989","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-1250","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Psychological Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/rev\/108\/1\/4.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T20:06:39Z","timestamp":1707249999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001]]},"references-count":302,"aliases":["10.1037\/\/0033-295x.108.1.4"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001]]}},"alternative-id":["2001-16162-001","11212632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.108.1.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1471","0033-295X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1471","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0033-295X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001]]}}}