{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1792008125838,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Psychological Association (APA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"],"DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,23]],"date-time":"2004-02-23T16:25:47Z","timestamp":1077553547000},"page":"3-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Trauma Films, Information Processing, and Intrusive Memory Development."],"prefix":"10.1037","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7319-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily A.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris R.","family":"Brewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"r1_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"r2_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01408.x","article-title":"Eye-movements and visual imagery: A working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"36","author":"Andrade","year":"1997","journal-title":"The British Journal of Clinical Psychology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0144-6657","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r3_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Human memory: Theory and practice.","author":"Baddeley","year":"1990"},{"key":"r4_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.129.1.126"},{"key":"r5_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(199610)10:5<435::AID-ACP408>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"r6_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.838"},{"key":"r7_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90027-G"},{"key":"r8_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024465317902"},{"key":"r9_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(199808)12:4<359::AID-ACP573>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"r10_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00087-5"},{"key":"r11_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth?","author":"Brewin","year":"2003"},{"key":"r12_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00033-3"},{"key":"r13_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000711201161118"},{"key":"r14_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.3.360","article-title":"Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime.","volume":"156","author":"Brewin","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r15_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380411"},{"key":"r16_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.4.670"},{"key":"r17_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(77)90018-X"},{"key":"r18_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800017628","article-title":"Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: A pilot study.","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1352-4658","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r19_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahill. 1997","DOI":"10.2307\/3210609"},{"key":"r20_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"41","article-title":"Origins of orienting and defensive responses: An evolutionary perspective.","volume-title":"Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes","author":"Campbell","year":"1997"},{"key":"r21_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson. An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. 6 16 1993","DOI":"10.1037\/t86316-000"},{"key":"r22_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0940"},{"key":"r23_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.2.261"},{"key":"r24_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465898264022","article-title":"Predictors of analogue post-traumatic intrusive cognitions.","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1352-4658","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r25_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","article-title":"The occurrence of imagery and its link with early memories in agoraphobia.","author":"Day","journal-title":"Memory (Hove, England)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0965-8211","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r26_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0"},{"key":"r27_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246580001585X","article-title":"Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitive approach.","volume":"23","author":"Ehlers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1352-4658","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r28_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00077-8"},{"key":"r29_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00130-9"},{"key":"r30_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0310-5_10","article-title":"Emotional dissociation in response to trauma: An information processing approach.","volume-title":"Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives","author":"Foa","year":"1996"},{"key":"r31_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","unstructured":"Frischholz. The Dissociative Experiences Scale: Further replication and validation. 3 151 1990"},{"key":"r32_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801003095"},{"key":"r33_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465802001054","article-title":"Cognitive restructuring within reliving: A treatment for peritraumatic emotional \"hotspots\" in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"30","author":"Grey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1352-4658","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r34_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1081","article-title":"Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: Psychophysiological indicators.","volume":"154","author":"Griffin","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r35_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00161-8"},{"key":"r36_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariri. Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. Neuroreport 11 43 2000","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200001170-00009"},{"key":"r37_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00080-8"},{"key":"r38_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes. 2000","DOI":"10.1021\/ed077p135"},{"key":"r39_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes. 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012617955-2\/50011-4"},{"key":"r40_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","article-title":"Intrusive images and \"hotspots\" of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes.","author":"Holmes","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0005-7916","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r41_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740170056008","article-title":"Psychic trauma: Return of images after a stress film.","volume":"20","author":"Horowitz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-990X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r42_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"81","article-title":"A multiple-entry, modular memory system.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory","volume":"Vol. 17","author":"Johnson","year":"1983"},{"key":"r43_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"33","article-title":"Emotion and MEM.","volume-title":"Handbook of emotion and memory","author":"Johnson","year":"1992"},{"key":"r44_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466501163689"},{"key":"r45_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"97","article-title":"Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action.","volume-title":"Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes","author":"Lang","year":"1997"},{"key":"r46_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1965.tb01408.x"},{"key":"r47_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00072-2"},{"key":"r48_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"355","article-title":"Fear response to dissociation challenge. Anxiety, Stress & Coping","volume":"13","author":"Leonard","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal (Toronto, Ont.)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0020-7020","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r49_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","unstructured":"Logie. 1986"},{"key":"r50_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.621"},{"key":"r51_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","unstructured":"Moar. 1978"},{"key":"r52_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.8.4.524"},{"key":"r53_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray. 1997","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1997-14"},{"key":"r54_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.4.363"},{"key":"r55_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.4.665"},{"key":"r56_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024447003022"},{"key":"r57_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.75"},{"key":"r58_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"r59_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Imagery and verbal processes.","author":"Paivio","year":"1971"},{"key":"r60_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0049234"},{"key":"r61_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042155","volume-title":"Momentous events, vivid memories.","author":"Pillemer","year":"1998"},{"key":"r62_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"297","article-title":"Childhood events recalled by children and adults.","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","volume":"Vol. 21","author":"Pillemer","year":"1989"},{"key":"r63_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.1.49"},{"key":"r64_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","unstructured":"Quinn. 1996"},{"key":"r65_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"63","article-title":"Implicit memory in normal human subjects.","volume-title":"Handbook of neuropsychology","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"Roediger","year":"1993"},{"key":"r66_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.930"},{"key":"r67_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(90)90003-M"},{"key":"r68_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"291","article-title":"At a loss from words: Verbal overshadowing of perceptual memories.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Schooler","year":"1997"},{"key":"r69_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.219","article-title":"Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study.","volume":"153","author":"Shalev","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r70_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Posttraumatische Intrusionen nach Verkehrsunf&#228;llen","author":"Steil","year":"1996"},{"key":"r71_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198807000-00008","article-title":"Emotional fainting and the psychophysiological response to blood and injury: Autonomic mechanisms and coping strategies.","volume":"50","author":"Steptoe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-3174","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"r72_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1996","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"r73_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallar. 1982","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748208400857"},{"key":"r74_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466501163571"},{"key":"r75_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","first-page":"303","article-title":"Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume-title":"Traumatic stress","author":"van der Kolk","year":"1996"},{"key":"r76_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.1.34"},{"key":"r77_10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1423566"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/xge\/133\/1\/3.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:51:41Z","timestamp":1778503901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2004-10964-001","14979748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-2222","0096-3445"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-2222","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0096-3445","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}}}