{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:51:31Z","timestamp":1769529091905,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Perspectives in Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study tested for similarities and differences across societies in self-ratings of problems, personal strengths, and aspects of adaptive functioning on the Adult Self-Report (ASR) for nonclinical samples of adults ages 18 to 59 in 17 societies ( N = 10,197). Results indicated considerable consistency across societies regarding mean ratings on the ASR problem items. Most effect sizes (ESs) for societal differences in problem scales were small (2\u20135%). Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses indicated that culture clusters and society accounted for small percentages of variance in Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scores, with most of the variation accounted for by individual differences within societies. In contrast to the small effects of society on problem scores, for the ASR Personal Strengths scale the societal ES was 34% and culture cluster accounted for 12% of the variance. Worse reported relations with spouse\/partner were associated with higher problem scores. Overall, findings indicated considerable similarity but also some important differences in self-reported problems and adaptive functioning across 17 societies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1037\/ipp0000046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T16:13:15Z","timestamp":1455639195000},"page":"91-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Problems and Adaptive Functioning Reported by Adults in 17                     Societies"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Rescorla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr                     College"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Achenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of                     Vermont"}]},{"given":"Masha Y.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of                     Vermont"}]},{"given":"Lori V.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of                     Vermont"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Althoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of                     Vermont"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00f6r Alma","family":"\u00c1rnad\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Work, University of                     Iceland"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences,                     Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bellina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Psychiatry, Eugenio                     Medea Scientific Institute"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences and                     Behavior, Instituto Superior de Ciencias da Saude-Norte"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chuen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Chung                     Cheng University"}]},{"given":"Ladislav","family":"Csemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}]},{"given":"Marina M.","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Disorders Program, Centre                     for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Decoster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personnel Management,                     Work, and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University"}]},{"given":"Johnny R. J.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personnel Management,                     Work, and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Funabiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto                     University Hospital"}]},{"given":"Halld\u00f3r S.","family":"Gu\u00f0mundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Work, University of                     Iceland"}]},{"given":"Valerie S.","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of                     Vermont"}]},{"given":"Young Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huno Consulting, Seoul, Republic of                     Korea"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Chinese                     University of Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Ndetei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Mental Health Foundation,                     Nairobi, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Jelena Srdanovi\u0107","family":"Mara\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center                     of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Jasminka","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center                     of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Kyung Ja","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Yonsei                     University"}]},{"given":"Virginia C.","family":"Samaniego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pontificia                     Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Argentina"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of                     Latvia"}]},{"given":"Edwiges","family":"Silvares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of                     Sao Paolo"}]},{"given":"Roma","family":"Simulioniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Klaipeda                     University"}]},{"given":"Elvisa","family":"Sokoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of                     Tirana"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pontificia                     Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Argentina"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Zasepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of                     Special Education"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Manual for the Young-Adult Self-Report and Young Adult Behavior Checklist","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Multicultural supplement to the Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Au,\n                                A. &                                 Leung,\n                            P.                         (2012). [Hong Kong ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Bellina,\n                                M.                         (2012). [Italian ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Butcher,\n                                J. N. &                                 Han,\n                            K.                         (1996). Methods of establishing cross-cultural                         equivalence. In J. N. Butcher                         (Ed.), International adaptations of the MMPI-2:                             Research and clinical applications (pp.                         44\u201363). Minneapolis,                         MN: University of Minnesota                         Press."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022199030005001"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Caldas,\n                                J. C.                         (2012). [Portuguese ASR                     data]. Unpublished raw                     data."},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Chen,\n                                Y. C.                         (2012). [Taiwanese ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Csemy,\n                                L.                         (2012). [Czech ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Decoster,\n                                J. &                                 Fontaine, J. R.\n                                J. (2012).                             [Flemish ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.77.2.177"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Funabiki,\n                                Y.                         (2012). [Japanese ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.304"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106939719502900202"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Gu\u00f0mundsson, H.\n                                S. &                                 \u00c1rnad\u00f3ttir,\n                                H. A.                         (2012). [Icelandic ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Harder,\n                                V. S. &                                 Ndetei, D.\n                                M. (2012).                             [Kenyan ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Culture\u2019s consequences","author":"Hofstede G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 societies","author":"House R. J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9448-8"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2014.33.3.009"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Experimental design procedures for the behavioral sciences","author":"Kirk R. R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022189202002"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"Markovic,\n                                J.                         (2012). [Serbian ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally J. 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[Brazilian ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.15388\/Psichol.2010.0.2573","volume":"42","author":"Simulionien\u0117 R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psichologija"},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"Sokoli,\n                                E.                         (2013). [Albanian ASR data].                         Unpublished raw data."},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.09.002"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.054353"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Individualism & collectivism","author":"Triandis H. 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