{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:18:41Z","timestamp":1779909521157,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4577","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1957,7,1]],"date-time":"1957-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-394588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1957,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/180134a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]],"date-time":"2006-05-30T17:42:46Z","timestamp":1149010966000},"page":"134-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["A General Theory of Membrane Transport From Studies of Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"PETER","family":"MITCHELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF180134a0_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0460324","volume":"46","author":"RE Davies","year":"1950","unstructured":"Davies, R. E., and Ogston, A. G., Biochem. J., 46, 324 (1950).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR2","first-page":"21","volume":"13","author":"HH Ussing","year":"1952","unstructured":"Ussing, H. H., \u201cAdv. Enzymol.\u201d, 13, 21 (1952).","journal-title":"\u201cAdv. Enzymol.\u201d"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.23.070154.002523","volume":"23","author":"HM Kalckar","year":"1954","unstructured":"Kalckar, H. M., and Klenow, H., \u201cAnn. Rev. Biochem.\u201d, 23, 527 (1954).","journal-title":"\u201cAnn. Rev. Biochem.\u201d"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR4","first-page":"16","volume":"179","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1957","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., Biochem. Soc. Symposia, 16 (in the press); see Nature, 179, 661 (1957).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Symposia"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR5","first-page":"55","volume-title":"\u201cThe Nature of the Bacterial Surface\u201d","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1949","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., \u201cThe Nature of the Bacterial Surface\u201d, edit. by Miles, A. A., and Pirie, N. W., 55 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1949). Mitchell, P., Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Camb. (1950)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-1-3-299","volume":"1","author":"EF Gale","year":"1947","unstructured":"Gale, E. F., and Mitchell, P., J. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 299 (1947). Gale, E. F., Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 83, 119 (1948).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(08)60094-7","volume":"8","author":"EF Gale","year":"1953","unstructured":"Gale, E. F., \u201cAdv. Protein Chem.\u201d, 8, 285 (1953).","journal-title":"\u201cAdv. Protein Chem.\u201d"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR8","unstructured":"Roberts, R. B., Abelson, P. H., Cowie, D. B., Bolton, E. T., and Britten, R. J., \u201cStudies of Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli\u201d, Carnegie Inst. Pub. 607 (Kirby Lithographic Co., Washington, 1955)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.41.11.863","volume":"41","author":"RJ Britten","year":"1955","unstructured":"Britten, R. J., Roberts, R. B., and French, E. F., Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci., 41, 863 (1955). Cohen, G. N., and Rickenberg, H. V., C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 240, 2086 (1955).","journal-title":"Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR10","first-page":"150","volume":"6","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., and Moyle, J., Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 6, 150 (1956).","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1039\/df9562100258","volume":"21","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., and Moyle, J., Farad. Soc. Discuss., 21, 258 (1956).","journal-title":"Farad. Soc. Discuss."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0650519","volume":"65","author":"DA Rowlands","year":"1957","unstructured":"Rowlands, D. A., Gale, E. F., Folkes, J. P., and Marrian, D. H., Biochem. J., 65, 519 (1957).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR13","first-page":"693","volume":"91","author":"GN Cohen","year":"1956","unstructured":"Cohen, G. N., and Rickenberg, H. V., Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 91, 693 (1956).","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR14","first-page":"829","volume":"91","author":"HV Rickenberg","year":"1956","unstructured":"Rickenberg, H. V., Cohen, G. N., Buttin, G., and Monod, J., Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 91, 829 (1956).","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(55)90168-3","volume":"9","author":"C Weibull","year":"1955","unstructured":"Weibull, C., Exp. Cell Res., 9, 139 (1955).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR16","first-page":"254","volume":"8","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1954","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 8, 254 (1954).","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-11-1-73","volume":"11","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1954","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., J. Gen. Microbiol., 11, 73 (1954).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/160262a0","volume":"160","author":"HH Ussing","year":"1947","unstructured":"Ussing, H. H., Nature, 160, 262 (1947).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR19","first-page":"159","volume":"17","author":"B Axelrod","year":"1956","unstructured":"Axelrod, B., \u201cAdv. Enzymol.\u201d, 17, 159 (1956).","journal-title":"\u201cAdv. Enzymol.\u201d"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(54)90191-2","volume":"14","author":"H Jonas","year":"1954","unstructured":"Jonas, H., and Gourley, D. R. H., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 14, 335 (1954).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR21","first-page":"502","volume":"8","author":"JF Danielli","year":"1954","unstructured":"Danielli, J. F., Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 8, 502 (1954).","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62573-5","volume":"5","author":"TAJ Prankerd","year":"1956","unstructured":"Prankerd, T. A. J., Internat. Rev. Cytol., 5, 279 (1956).","journal-title":"Internat. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1039\/df9562100258","volume":"21","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., Farad. Soc. Discuss., 21, 278 (1956).","journal-title":"Farad. Soc. Discuss."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR24","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., Moyle, J., and Stephen, B. (unpublished observations)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55635-0","volume":"197","author":"H Kihara","year":"1952","unstructured":"Kihara, H., and Snell, E. E., J. Biol. Chem., 197, 791 (1952). Umbarger, H. E., and Brown, B., J. Bact., 70, 241 (1955).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR26","first-page":"509","volume-title":"\u201cEnzymes: Units of Biological Structure and Function\u201d","author":"BD Davis","year":"1956","unstructured":"Davis, B. D., \u201cEnzymes: Units of Biological Structure and Function\u201d, edit. by Gaebler, O. H., 509 (Academic Press, New York, 1956)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR27","first-page":"19","volume":"64","author":"P Mitchell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Mitchell, P., and Moyle, J., Biochem. J., 64, 19p (1956).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR28","unstructured":"Storck, R. L., and Wachsman, J. T., Biochem. Soc. Proc. April (1957)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3238.99","volume":"125","author":"JT Park","year":"1957","unstructured":"Park, J. T., and Strominger, J. L., Science, 125, 99 (1957).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR30","first-page":"464","volume-title":"\u201cMechanism of Enzyme Action\u201d","author":"E Racker","year":"1954","unstructured":"Racker, E., \u201cMechanism of Enzyme Action\u201d, edit. by McElroy, W. D., and Glass, B., 464 (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1954)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR31","first-page":"525","volume-title":"\u201cMechanism of Enzyme Action\u201d","author":"IC Gunsalus","year":"1954","unstructured":"Gunsalus, I. C., \u201cMechanism of Enzyme Action\u201d, edit. by McElroy, W. D., and Glass, B., 525 (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1954)."},{"key":"BF180134a0_CR32","first-page":"51","volume-title":"\u201cThe Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity\u201d","author":"WWC Topley","year":"1929","unstructured":"Topley, W. W. C., and Wilson, G. S., \u201cThe Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity\u201d, 51 (Arnold, London, 1929)."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/180134a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/180134a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/180134a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T21:26:49Z","timestamp":1638394009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/180134a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1957,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4577","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1957,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF180134a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/180134a0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1957,7]]}}}