{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:43:24Z","timestamp":1762271004653},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4940","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1964,7,1]],"date-time":"1964-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-173664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/203013a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,5]],"date-time":"2006-07-05T17:50:36Z","timestamp":1152121836000},"page":"13-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["A Chemically Specified Molecular Mechanism Underlying Excitation in Nerve: A Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"JULIAN M.","family":"TOBIAS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1964,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF203013a0_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1951.tb01204.x","volume":"26","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1951","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., Biol. Rev., 26, 339 (1951).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49311.x","volume":"81","author":"AF Huxley","year":"1959","unstructured":"Huxley, A. F., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 81, 221 (1959).","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.22.5.649","volume":"22","author":"KS Cole","year":"1939","unstructured":"Cole, K. S., and Curtis, H. J., Gen. Physiol., 22, 649 (1939).","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004395","volume":"109","author":"WAH Rushton","year":"1949","unstructured":"Rushton, W. A. H., J. Physiol., 109, 314 (1949).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1937.sp003507","volume":"90","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1937","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., J. Physiol., 90, 183, 211 (1937).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR6","first-page":"204","volume":"10","author":"AM Shanes","year":"1958","unstructured":"Shanes, A. M., Pharm. Rev., 10, 204 (1958).","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR7","first-page":"470","volume":"116","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., and Huxley, A. F., J. Physiol., 116, 470 (1952).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR8","first-page":"198","volume":"101","author":"S Solomon","year":"1951","unstructured":"Solomon, S., and Tobias, J. M., Biol. Bull., 101, 198 (1951).","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004863","volume":"119","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., and Keynes, R. D., J. Physiol., 119, 513 (1953).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1952.017.01.007","volume":"17","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., and Huxley, A. F., Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 17, 45 (1952).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR11","unstructured":"Mullins, L. J., and Brinley, jun., F. J., Biophys. Soc. Abstr., FF8 (1964)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-44-11467P","volume":"44","author":"GH Scott","year":"1940","unstructured":"Scott, G. H., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 44, 397 (1940).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35552.x","volume":"94","author":"JD Robertson","year":"1961","unstructured":"Robertson, J. D., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 94, 339 (1961).","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR14","unstructured":"Mikulecky, D. C. (unpublished observations)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR15","first-page":"104","volume-title":"An Outline of General Physiology","author":"LV Heilbrunn","year":"1952","unstructured":"Heilbrunn, L. V., An Outline of General Physiology, 104 (Saunders, 1952)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030030205","volume":"3","author":"HB Stembach","year":"1933","unstructured":"Stembach, H. B., Cell. Comp. Physiol., 3, 203 (1933).","journal-title":"Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.40.9.863","volume":"40","author":"B Geren","year":"1954","unstructured":"Geren, B., and Schmitt, F. O., Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci., 40, 863 (1954).","journal-title":"Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030170313","volume":"17","author":"KJ Palmer","year":"1941","unstructured":"Palmer, K. J., and Schmitt, F. O., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 17, 385 (1941).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR19","first-page":"243","volume":"6","author":"F Brink","year":"1954","unstructured":"Brink, F., Pharm. Rev., 6, 243 (1954).","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(52)90029-3","volume":"3","author":"M Moskowitz","year":"1952","unstructured":"Moskowitz, M., and Calvin, M., Exp. Cell Res., 3, 43 (1952).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(57)90380-6","volume":"68","author":"LB Kirschner","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kirschner, L. B., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 68, 499 (1957).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(63)90042-0","volume":"100","author":"J Dodge","year":"1963","unstructured":"Dodge, J., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 100, 119 (1963).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR23","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The Red Cell","author":"TAJ Prankerd","year":"1961","unstructured":"Prankerd, T. A. J., The Red Cell, 17 (Blackwell, 1961)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR24","unstructured":"Brante, G., Acta Physiol. Scand., 18, Suppl. 63 (1949)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR25","unstructured":"Rojas, E. E., and Tobias, J. M., Biophys. Soc. Abstr., WE9 (1964)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.45.5.989","volume":"45","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1962","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., Agin, D. P., and Pawlowski, R., J. Gen. Physiol., 45, 989 (1962); Circulation, 26, 1145 (1962).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR27","first-page":"476","volume":"22","author":"HA Nash","year":"1963","unstructured":"Nash, H. A., and Tobias, J. M., Fed. Proc., 22 (1963); Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci., 51, 476 (1964).","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.31.30","volume":"31","author":"JL Oncley","year":"1959","unstructured":"Oncley, J. L., Rev. Mod. Phys., 31, 30 (1959).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005850","volume":"138","author":"AL Hodgkin","year":"1957","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A. L., and Keynes, R. D., J. Physiol., 138, 253 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR30","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Biophysics of Physiological and Pharmacological Actions","author":"CP Bianchi","year":"1961","unstructured":"Bianchi, C. P., in Biophysics of Physiological and Pharmacological Actions, edit. by Shanes, A. M., Publn. 69, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 281 (1961)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2307\/1537437","volume":"71","author":"D Mazia","year":"1936","unstructured":"Mazia, D., and Clark, J. M., Biol. Bull., 71, 306 (1936).","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR32","unstructured":"Leitch, G. J., and Tobias, J. M. (unpublished observations)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR33","unstructured":"Mikulecky, D. C., Fed. Proc., 22 (1963)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR34","first-page":"248","volume-title":"A Symposium on Molecular Biology","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1959","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., and Nelson, P. G., in A Symposium on Molecular Biology, edit. by Zirkle, R. E., 248 (Chicago, 1959)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030370107","volume":"37","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1951","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 37, 91 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR36","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Modern Trends in Physiology and Biochemistry","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1952","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., in Modern Trends in Physiology and Biochemistry, edit. by Barron, E. S. G., 291 (Academic Press, 1952)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.43.5.57","volume":"43","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1960","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., J. Gen. Physiol., 43, 57 (1960).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1039\/df9562100162","volume":"21","author":"HP Gregor","year":"1956","unstructured":"Gregor, H. P., and Wetstone, D. M., Disc. Farad. Soc., 21, 162 (1956).","journal-title":"Disc. Farad. Soc."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR39","unstructured":"Leitch, G. J., and Tobias, J. M., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. (in the press)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/200886a0","volume":"200","author":"M Wolman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Wolman, M., and Wiener, H., Nature, 200, 886 (1963).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/199078b0","volume":"199","author":"E Rojas","year":"1963","unstructured":"Rojas, E., and Luxoro, M., Nature, 199, 78 (1963).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030520107","volume":"52","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1958","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 52, 89 (1958).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR43","first-page":"72","volume":"7","author":"B Libet","year":"1948","unstructured":"Libet, B., Fed. Proc., 7, 72 (1948).","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR44","first-page":"102","volume":"727","author":"LP Kayushin","year":"1955","unstructured":"Kayushin, L. P., and Lyudkovskaya, R. G., Fiziol. Zhur. S.S.S.R., 727, 102 (1955).","journal-title":"Fiziol. Zhur. S.S.S.R."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030460105","volume":"46","author":"SH Bryant","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bryant, S. H., and Tobias, J. M., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 46, 71 (1955).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR46","unstructured":"Sten-Knudson, O., and Lettvin, J. Y., Quarterly Prog. Rep. Res. Lab. Electronics, Mass. Inst. Technol., April (1962)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR47","volume-title":"Unfinished Tasks in the Behavioral Sciences","author":"JM Tobias","year":"1964","unstructured":"Tobias, J. M., in Unfinished Tasks in the Behavioral Sciences, edit. by Abrams, A., Garner, H. H., and Toman, J. E. P. (Williams and Wilkins, 1964)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007243","volume":"169","author":"T Narahashi","year":"1963","unstructured":"Narahashi, T., J. Physiol., 169, 91 (1963).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004667","volume":"115","author":"S Weidmann","year":"1951","unstructured":"Weidmann, S., J. Physiol., 115, 227 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006290","volume":"148","author":"I Tasaki","year":"1959","unstructured":"Tasaki, I., J. Physiol., 148, 306 (1959).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030550206","volume":"55","author":"FH Rudenberg","year":"1960","unstructured":"Rudenberg, F. H., and Tobias, J. M., J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 55, 149 (1960).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.43.1.127","volume":"43","author":"S Mudd","year":"1926","unstructured":"Mudd, S., and Mudd, E. B. H., J. Exp. Med., 43, 127 (1926).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1940.008.01.017","volume":"8","author":"MJ Kopac","year":"1940","unstructured":"Kopac, M. J., Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 8, 154 (1940).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR54","volume-title":"Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers","author":"VK La Mer","year":"1962","unstructured":"La Mer, V. K., Retardation of Evaporation by Monolayers (Academic Press, 1962)."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-97-23729","volume":"97","author":"G Ungar","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ungar, G., and Romano, D. V., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 97, 324 (1958).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.46.5.1109","volume":"46","author":"M Luxoro","year":"1963","unstructured":"Luxoro, M., Rojas, E., and Wittig, E., J. Gen. Physiol., 46, 1109 (1963).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"BF203013a0_CR57","first-page":"4","volume":"268","author":"P Mueller","year":"1963","unstructured":"Mueller, P., and Rudin, D. O., J. Theor. Biol., 268, 4 (1963).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/203013a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/203013a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/203013a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1638394308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/203013a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1964,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4940","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF203013a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/203013a0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1964,7]]}}}