{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:15:21Z","timestamp":1781594121590,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6740","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/22146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:41:22Z","timestamp":1027672882000},"page":"184-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":899,"title":["Single kinesin molecules studied with a molecular force clamp"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"400","author":[{"given":"Koen","family":"Visscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Schnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF22146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/39247","volume":"389","author":"J Howard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Howard, J. Molecular motors: structural adaptations to cellular functions. Nature 389, 561\u2013567 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.58.030196.003415","volume":"58","author":"J Howard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Howard, J. The movement of kinesin along microtubules. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 703\u2013729 (1996).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"BF22146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/365721a0","volume":"365","author":"K Svoboda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Svoboda, K., Schmidt, C. F., Schnapp, B. J. & Block, S. M. Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365, 721\u2013727 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/342154a0","volume":"342","author":"J Howard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Howard, J., Hudspeth, A. J. & Vale, R. D. Movement of microtubules by single kinesin molecules. Nature 342, 154\u2013158 (1989).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(98)98040-5","volume":"298","author":"K Visscher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Visscher, K. & Block, S. M. Versatile optical traps with feedback control. Methods Enzymol. 298, 460\u2013489 (1998).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"BF22146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/374555a0","volume":"374","author":"T Funatsu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Funatsu, T., Harada, Y., Tokunaga, M., Saito, K. & Yanagida, T. Imaging of single fluorescent molecules and individual ATP turnovers by single myosin molecules in aqueous solution. Nature 374, 555\u2013559 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80911-3","volume":"92","author":"A Ishijima","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ishijima, A. et al. Simultaneous observation of individual ATPase and mechanical events by a single myosin molecule during interaction with actin. Cell 92, 161\u2013171 (1998).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF22146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/41111","volume":"388","author":"MJ Schnitzer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schnitzer, M. J. & Block, S. M. Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step. Nature 388, 386\u2013390 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/41118","volume":"388","author":"W Hua","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hua, W., Young, E. C., Fleming, M. L. & Gelles, J. Coupling of kinesin steps to ATP hydrolysis. Nature 388, 390\u2013393 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90060-4","volume":"77","author":"K Svoboda","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svoboda, K. & Block, S. M. Force and velocity measured for single kinesin molecules. Cell 77, 773\u2013784 (1994).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF22146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78231-6","volume":"73","author":"H Kojima","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kojima, H., Muto, E., Higuchi, H. & Yanagida, T. Mechanics of single kinesin molecules measured by optical trapping nanometry. Biophys. J. 73, 2012\u20132022 (1997).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8539","volume":"94","author":"CM Coppin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Coppin, C. M., Pierce, D. W., Hsu, L. & Vale, R. D. The load dependence of kinesin's mechanical cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8539\u20138544 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF22146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.2.574","volume":"92","author":"E Meyh\u00f6fer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyh\u00f6fer, E. & Howard, J. The force generated by a single kinesin molecule against an elastic load. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 574\u2013578 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF22146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/2944.577338","volume":"2","author":"K Visscher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Visscher, K., Gross, S. P. & Block, S. M. Construction of multiple-beam optical traps with nanometer-resolution position sensing. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum. Electron. 2, 1066\u20131076 (1996).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum. Electron."},{"key":"BF22146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.23.060194.001335","volume":"23","author":"K Svoboda","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svoboda, K. & Block, S. M. Biological applications of optical forces. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247\u2013285 (1994).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct."},{"key":"BF22146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/368113a0","volume":"368","author":"JT Finer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Finer, J. T., Simmons, R. M. & Spudich, J. A. Single myosin molecule mechanics: piconewton forces and nanometre steps. Nature 368, 113\u2013119 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78780-0","volume":"72","author":"MD Wang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wang, M. D., Yin, H., Landick, R., Gelles, J. & Block, S. M. Stretching DNA with optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 72, 1335\u20131346 (1996).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5390.902","volume":"282","author":"MD Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang, M. D. et al. Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNA polymerase. Science 282, 902\u2013907 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF22146_CR19","first-page":"245s","volume":"68","author":"J Howard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Howard, J. The mechanics of force generation by kinesin. Biophys. J. 68, 245s\u2013255s (1995).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.17.6314","volume":"85","author":"D Hackney","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hackney, D. Kinesin ATPase: Rate-limiting ADP release. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6314\u20136318 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF22146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/373671a0","volume":"373","author":"SP Gilbert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gilbert, S. P., Webb, M. R., Brune, M. & Johnson, K. A. Pathway of processive ATP hydrolysis by kinesin. Nature 373, 671\u2013676 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF22146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13242","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00040a040","volume":"34","author":"YZ Ma","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ma, Y. Z. & Taylor, E. W. Mechanism of microtubule kinesin ATPase. Biochemistry 34, 13242\u201313251 (1995).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BF22146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.11782","volume":"91","author":"K Svoboda","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svoboda, K., Mitra, P. P. & Block, S. M. Fluctuation analysis of motor protein movement and single enzyme kinetics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11782\u201311786 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF22146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1995.060.01.085","volume":"60","author":"MJ Schnitzer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schnitzer, M. J. & Block, S. M. Statistical kinetics of processive enzymes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 60, 793\u2013802 (1995).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"BF22146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79295-0","volume":"71","author":"ADT Samuel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Samuel, A. D. T. & Berg, H. C. Torque-generating units of the bacterial flagellar motor step independently. Biophys. J. 71, 918\u2013923 (1996).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.121.6.1357","volume":"121","author":"S Leibler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leibler, S. & Huse, D. A. Porters versus rowers: a unified stochastic model of motor proteins. J. Cell Biol. 121, 1357\u20131368 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BF22146_CR27","first-page":"202","volume":"68","author":"C Peskin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Peskin, C. & Oster, G. Coordinated hydrolysis explains the mechanical behavior of kinesin. Biophys. J. 68, 202s\u2013211s (1995).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79323-2","volume":"71","author":"T Duke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Duke, T. & Leibler, S. Motor protein mechanics: a stochastic model with minimal mechanochemical coupling. Biophys. J. 71, 1235\u20131247 (1996).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"BF22146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6775","volume":"93","author":"I Der\u00e9nyi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Der\u00e9nyi, I. & Vicsek, T. The kinesin walk: a dynamic model with elastically coupled heads. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6775\u20136779 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF22146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5314.917","volume":"276","author":"RD Astumian","year":"1997","unstructured":"Astumian, R. D. Thermodynamics and kinetics of a brownian motor. Science 276, 917\u2013922 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF22146_CR31","first-page":"198","volume":"23","author":"H Higuchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Higuchi, H. & Yanagida, T. Force generation and detachment of single kinesin molecules activated by laser photolysis of caged ATP and ADP. Cell Struct. Funct. 23, suppl., 198 (1998).","journal-title":"Cell Struct. Funct."},{"key":"BF22146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.1913","volume":"93","author":"CM Coppin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Coppin, C. M., Finer, J. T., Spudich, J. A. & Vale, R. D. Detection of sub-8-nm movements of kinesin by high-resolution optical-trap microscopy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1913\u20131917 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/22146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/22146","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/22146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T20:34:20Z","timestamp":1638390860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/22146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6740","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF22146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/22146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}