{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:03:59Z","timestamp":1770134639966,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5298","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1971,5,1]],"date-time":"1971-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":41904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/231087a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,2]],"date-time":"2005-08-02T06:14:29Z","timestamp":1122963269000},"page":"87-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Social Values and Research in Human Embryology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"ROBERT G.","family":"EDWARDS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DAVID J.","family":"SHARPE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF231087a0_CR1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Institutes of the Laws of England","author":"E Coke","year":"1641","unstructured":"Coke, E., Institutes of the Laws of England, Part 3, 50 (1641)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR2","unstructured":"The statute law apparently originated in Act of 43 George III, Chap. 58, Sections 1 and 2 (1803); its substance now in force is the Offences against the Person Act 1861, 58."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR3","unstructured":"Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 1."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King v. Bourne, 1939 1 K.B. 687 (1938).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4086.870"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR5","unstructured":"Abortion Act, 1967, 1."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/229132a0","volume":"229","author":"PC Steptoe","year":"1971","unstructured":"Steptoe, P. C., Edwards, R. G., and Purdy, J. M., Nature, 229, 132 (1971).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/218346a0","volume":"218","author":"RL Gardner","year":"1968","unstructured":"Gardner, R. L., and Edwards, R. G., Nature, 218, 346 (1968).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"#cr-split#-BF231087a0_CR8.1","unstructured":"Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital v. Anderson, 42 N.J., 421, 201 A.2d 537 (1964);"},{"key":"#cr-split#-BF231087a0_CR8.2","unstructured":"Stewart v. Long Island College Hospital 58 Misc. 2d 432, 296 N.Y.S. 2d 41 (Sup. Ct. Trial Term; 1968)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gleitman v. Cosgrove, 49 N.J. 22, 227 A.2d 689 (1967).","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1477-8696.1967.tb07324.x"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3846.1107","volume":"161","author":"A Etzioni","year":"1968","unstructured":"Etzioni, A., Science, 161, 1107 (1968); Peel, J., J. Biosoc. Sci., 2, 45 (1970).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR11","first-page":"596","volume-title":"Nature","author":"RL Gardner","year":"1968","unstructured":"Gardner, R. L., Nature, 220, 596 (1968); Gardner, R. L., Advances in the Biosciences (edit. by Raspe, G.) (Pergamon, Vieweg, in the press)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1964.029.01.028","volume":"29","author":"SM Gartler","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gartler, S. M., and Linder, D., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 29, 253 (1964); Nance, W. E., ibid., 415 (1964).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.61.3.945","volume":"61","author":"E Gandini","year":"1968","unstructured":"Gandini, E., Gartler, S. M., Angioni, G., Argioles, N., and Dell Acqua, G., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 61, 945 (1968).","journal-title":"Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92673-1","volume":"3","author":"RA Gatti","year":"1968","unstructured":"Gatti, R. A., Meuwissen, H. J., Allen, H. D., Hong, R., and Good, R. A., Lancet, ii, 1366 (1968); Kretschmer, R., Jeamet, M., Mereu, T. R., Kretschner, K., Winn, H., and Rosen, F. S., Pediat. Res., 3, 34 (1969).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1961.36","volume":"16","author":"JB Gurdon","year":"1961","unstructured":"Gurdon, J. B., Heredity, 16, 305 (1961); Quart. Rev. Biol., 38, 54 (1963).","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR16","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Wistar Inst. Symp. Heterospecific Genome Interaction","author":"CF Graham","year":"1969","unstructured":"Graham, C. F., Wistar Inst. Symp. Heterospecific Genome Interaction, Monograph No. 9, 19 (edit. by Defendi, V.) (Wistar Institute Press, 1969); Baranska, W., and Koprowski, J., J. Exp. Zool., 174, 365 (1970)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.3.369","volume":"126","author":"DT Lunde","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lunde, D. T., Amer. J. Psychiat., 126, 369 (1969).","journal-title":"Amer. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR18","volume-title":"Literaturnaya Gazeta","author":"J Lederberg","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lederberg, J., The way out of the impasse: reconstruction of man; Badalyan, L., The path of science: human safeguards, Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow, No. 20, 196 (1968) (Badalyan's original is in Russian)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR19","volume-title":"Tomorrow's Babies, Sixth World Cong. Fertil. Steril.","author":"J Lederberg","year":"1970","unstructured":"Lederberg, J., Tomorrow's Babies, Sixth World Cong. Fertil. Steril., Tel Aviv, Israel (Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1970)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(70)90094-1","volume":"23","author":"MA di Berardino","year":"1970","unstructured":"di Berardino, M. A., and Hoffner, N., Devel. Biol., 23, 185 (1970).","journal-title":"Devel. Biol."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR21","volume-title":"Literaturnaya Gazeta","author":"A Neifakh","year":"1969","unstructured":"Neifakh, A., Biological experiments and moral problems; Petropavlovskii, R., The repetition of man: a doubtful objective, Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow, No. 31 (1969) (in Russian)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR22","volume-title":"The Biocrats","author":"G Leach","year":"1963","unstructured":"Gursky v. Gursky, 39 Misc. 2d 1083, 242 N.Y.S. 2d 406 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1963). See the debate on this and other questions in Leach, G., The Biocrats (Jonathan Cape, London, 1970)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR23","unstructured":"Rex v. Lynn, 2 TR. 733, 100 Eng. Rep. 394 (K.B. 1788)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR24","unstructured":"Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 355(i), 1964."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR25","unstructured":"Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 1965."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR26","unstructured":"Eisenstadt v. Baird, last reported in 429 F 2d 1398 (1st Cir. 1970)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR27","unstructured":"Edwards, R. G., Symp. on the Social Impact of Modern Biology, 108 (British Society for Social Responsibility in Science, Routledge and Kegan Paul, in the press)."},{"key":"BF231087a0_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1086\/403749","volume":"38","author":"JB Gurdon","year":"1963","unstructured":"Gurdon, J. B., Quart. Rev. Biol., 38, 54 (1963); Lunde, D. T., Amer. J. Psychiat., 126, 369 (1969).","journal-title":"Quart. Rev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/231087a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/231087a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/231087a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T22:56:37Z","timestamp":1638399397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/231087a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1971,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5298","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BF231087a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/231087a0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1971,5]]}}}