{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:23:00Z","timestamp":1785460980288,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5943","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,12,1]],"date-time":"1983-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":439084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,12,1]],"date-time":"1983-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":439084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/306551a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T01:18:45Z","timestamp":1100740725000},"page":"551-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":547,"title":["Cholera toxin genes: nucleotide sequence, deletion analysis and vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"306","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Mekalanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl J.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D. N.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Harford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francoise","family":"Groyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"de Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF306551a0_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3109\/10408417309108394","volume":"2","author":"RA Finkelstein","year":"1973","unstructured":"Finkelstein, R. A. CRC crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2, 553\u2013623 (1973).","journal-title":"CRC crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR2","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Multifunctional Proteins","author":"RJ Collier","year":"1980","unstructured":"Collier, R. J. & Mekalanos, J. J. in Multifunctional Proteins (eds Bisswanger, H. & Schmincke-Ott, B.) 261\u2013291 (Wiley, New York, 1980)."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.21.3.1036-1039.1978","volume":"21","author":"JD Clements","year":"1978","unstructured":"Clements, J. D. & Finkelstein, R. A. Infect. Immun. 21, 1036\u20131039 (1978).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00651a011","volume":"15","author":"DM Gill","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gill, D. M. Biochemistry 15, 1242\u20131248 (1976).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50491-9","volume":"254","author":"JJ Mekalanos","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mekalanos, J. J., Collier, R. J. & Romig, W. R. J. biol. Chem. 254, 5855\u20135861 (1979).","journal-title":"J. biol. Chem."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.7.3050","volume":"75","author":"DM Gill","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gill, D. M. & Merin, R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3050\u20133054 (1978).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(81)90080-2","volume":"12","author":"HL Vine","year":"1981","unstructured":"Vine, H. L. & Cuatrecasas, P. Pharmac. Ther. 12, 167\u2013207 (1981).","journal-title":"Pharmac. Ther."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR8","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Cholera and Related Diarrheas","author":"MM Levine","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levine, M. M. in Cholera and Related Diarrheas (eds Ouchterlony, O. & Holmgren, J.) 195\u2013203 (Karger, Basel, 1980)."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.4.325","volume":"130","author":"RA Cash","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cash, R. A. et al. J. infect. Dis. 130, 325\u2013333 (1974).","journal-title":"J. infect. Dis."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.6.818","volume":"143","author":"MM Levine","year":"1981","unstructured":"Levine, M. M. et al. J. infect. Dis. 143, 818\u2013820 (1981).","journal-title":"J. infect. Dis."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR11","first-page":"753","volume":"29","author":"S Mukerjee","year":"1963","unstructured":"Mukerjee, S. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 29, 753\u2013766 (1963).","journal-title":"Bull. Wld Hlth Org."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/230097a0","volume":"230","author":"BD Howard","year":"1971","unstructured":"Howard, B. D. Nature 230, 97\u201399 (1971).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.2.117","volume":"129","author":"RA Finkelstein","year":"1974","unstructured":"Finkelstein, R. A., Vasil, M. L. & Holmes, R. K. J. infect. Dis. 129, 117\u2013123 (1974).","journal-title":"J. infect. Dis."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.4.2052","volume":"76","author":"T Honda","year":"1979","unstructured":"Honda, T. & Finkelstein, R. A. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 2052\u20132056 (1979).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.1.151","volume":"79","author":"JJ Mekalanos","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mekalanos, J. J., Moseley, S. L., Murphy, J. R. & Falkow, S. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 151\u2013155 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR16","first-page":"108","volume":"33","author":"WE Woodward","year":"1976","unstructured":"Woodward, W. E., Gilman, R. H., Hornick, R. B., Libonati, J. P. & Cash, R. A. Devl biol. Standard. 33, 108\u2013112 (1976).","journal-title":"Devl biol. Standard."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR17","first-page":"443","volume-title":"Acute Enteric Infections in Children. New Prospects for Treatment and Prevention","author":"MM Levine","year":"1981","unstructured":"Levine, M. M. et al. in Acute Enteric Infections in Children. New Prospects for Treatment and Prevention (eds Holme, T., Holmgren, J., Merson, M. H. & Mollby, R.) 443\u2013459 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981)."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.139.3.850-858.1979","volume":"139","author":"WS Dallas","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dallas, W. S., Gill, D. M. & Falkow, S. J. Bact. 139, 850\u2013858 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Bact."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.9.2976","volume":"79","author":"GDN Pearson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pearson, G. D. N. & Mekalanos, J. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2976\u20132980 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/288499a0","volume":"288","author":"WS Dallas","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dallas, W. S. & Falkow, S. Nature 288, 499\u2013501 (1980).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83837-1","volume":"257","author":"EK Spicer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Spicer, E. K. & Noble, J. A. J. biol. Chem. 257, 5716\u20135721 (1982).","journal-title":"J. biol. Chem."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(79)81136-9","volume":"100","author":"CY Lai","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lai, C. Y., Cancedda, F. & Chang, D. FEBS Lett. 100, 85\u201389 (1979).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90187-4","volume":"67","author":"E Mendez","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mendez, E., Lai, C. Y. & Wodnar-Filipowica, A. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1435\u20131443 (1975).","journal-title":"Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/133.Supplement_1.S14","volume":"133","author":"A Kurosky","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kurosky, A., Markel, D. E., Touchstone, B. & Peterson, J. W. J. infect. Dis. 133, S14\u2013S22 (1976).","journal-title":"J. infect. Dis."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1126\/science.831277","volume":"195","author":"A Kurosky","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kurosky, A., Markel, D. E., Peterson, J. W. & Fitch, W. M. Science 195, 299\u2013301 (1977).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)66962-0","volume":"252","author":"CY Lai","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lai, C. Y. J. biol. Chem. 252, 7249\u20137256 (1977).","journal-title":"J. biol. Chem."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.13.120179.001535","volume":"13","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. & Court, D. A. Rev. Genet. 13, 319\u2013353 (1979).","journal-title":"A. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90496-7","volume":"24","author":"T Platt","year":"1981","unstructured":"Platt, T. Cell 24, 10\u201323 (1981).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.4.1342","volume":"71","author":"J Shine","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shine, J. & Dalgarno, L. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 1342\u20131346 (1974).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(82)90546-0","volume":"162","author":"F Sanger","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sanger, F., Carlson, A. R., Hong, G. F., Hill, D. E. & Peterson, G. B. J. molec. Biol. 162, 729\u2013773 (1982).","journal-title":"J. molec. Biol."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/95.4.785","volume":"95","author":"DS Oppenheim","year":"1980","unstructured":"Oppenheim, D. S. & Yanofsky, C. Genetics 95, 785\u2013795 (1980).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(82)90509-8","volume":"117","author":"DL Daniels","year":"1982","unstructured":"Daniels, D. L. & Blattner, F. R. Virology 117, 81\u201392 (1982).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR33","unstructured":"Lai, C. Y., Cancedda, F. & Duffy, L. K. Abstr. 11th int. Congr. Biochem., Toronto, Canada, 207 (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1979)."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/289085a0","volume":"289","author":"GB Ruvkun","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ruvkun, G. B. & Ausubel, F. M. Nature 289, 85\u201388 (1981).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.10.2.320-327.1974","volume":"10","author":"RL Guerrant","year":"1974","unstructured":"Guerrant, R. L., Brunton, L. L., Schnaitman, T. C., Rebhum, L. I. & Gilman, A. G. Infect. Immun. 10, 320\u2013327 (1974).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR36","first-page":"413","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning","author":"T Maniatis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F. & Sambrook, J. in Molecular Cloning 413 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982)."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.21.1.194-200.1978","volume":"21","author":"WB Baine","year":"1978","unstructured":"Baine, W. B., Vasil, M. L. & Holmes, R. K. Infect. Immun. 21, 194\u2013200 (1978).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.141.2.570-576.1980","volume":"141","author":"JJ Mekalanos","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mekalanos, J. J. & Murphy, J. R. J. Bact. 141, 570\u2013576 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Bact."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.20.2.552-558.1978","volume":"20","author":"JJ Mekalanos","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mekalanos, J. J., Collier, R. J. & Romig, W. R. Infect. Immun. 20, 552\u2013558 (1977).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.8.6.851-859.1973","volume":"8","author":"J Holmgren","year":"1973","unstructured":"Holmgren, J. Infect. Immun. 8, 851\u2013859 (1973).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(81)90040-8","volume":"13","author":"L Covarrubias","year":"1981","unstructured":"Covarrubias, L. et al. Gene 13, 25\u201335 (1981).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.144.1.444-446.1980","volume":"144","author":"SL Moseley","year":"1980","unstructured":"Moseley, S. L. & Falkow, S. J. Bact. 144, 444\u2013446 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Bact."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(80)65059-9","volume":"65","author":"AM Maxam","year":"1977","unstructured":"Maxam, A. M. & Gilbert, W. Meth. Enzym. 65, 499\u2013560 (1977).","journal-title":"Meth. Enzym."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR44","first-page":"499","volume":"65","author":"ASH Smith","year":"1977","unstructured":"Smith, A. S. H. Meth. Enzym. 65, 499\u2013560 (1977).","journal-title":"Meth. Enzym."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.4.1499","volume":"58","author":"WJ Brammar","year":"1967","unstructured":"Brammar, W. J., Berger, H. & Yanofsky, C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58, 1499\u20131506 (1967).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(75)80136-7","volume":"99","author":"D Pribnow","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pribnow, D. J. molec. Biol. 99, 419\u2013443 (1975).","journal-title":"J. molec. Biol."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90014-4","volume":"33","author":"SD Gillies","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gillies, S. D., Morrison, S. L., Oi, V. T. & Tonegawa, S. Cell 33, 717\u2013728 (1983).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90499-3","volume":"32","author":"TF Donahue","year":"1983","unstructured":"Donahue, T. F., Davis, R. S., Lucchini, G. & Fink, G. R. Cell 32, 89\u201398 (1983).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90171-4","volume":"29","author":"GB Ruvkun","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ruvkun, G. B., Sundaresan, V. & Ausubel, F. M. Cell 29, 551\u2013559 (1982).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/276633a0","volume":"276","author":"JE Berlinger","year":"1978","unstructured":"Berlinger, J. E., Beyon, J. L., Buchanan-Wollaston, A. V. & Johnston, A. W. B. Nature 276, 633\u2013634 (1978).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.10.3961","volume":"72","author":"M Grunstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Grunstein, M. & Hogness Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3961\u20133965 (1975).","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(75)80083-0","volume":"98","author":"EM Southern","year":"1975","unstructured":"Southern, E. M. J. molec. Biol. 98, 503\u2013517 (1975).","journal-title":"J. molec. Biol."},{"key":"BF306551a0_CR53","unstructured":"Mekalanos, J. J. Cell 35 (in the press)."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/306551a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/306551a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/306551a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:07:10Z","timestamp":1684285630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/306551a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5943","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,12]]}},"alternative-id":["BF306551a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/306551a0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 1983","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 1983","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}