{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:59:36Z","timestamp":1792061976086,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6667","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]],"date-time":"1998-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]],"date-time":"1998-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/35400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:37:12Z","timestamp":1027672632000},"page":"594-597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"title":["An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"391","author":[{"given":"Tuofu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bette T.","family":"Korber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre J.","family":"Nahmias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF35400_CR1","first-page":"S27","volume":"8","author":"PM Sharp","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sharp, P. M., Robertson, D. L., Gao, F. & Hahn, B. H. Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS 8, S27\u2013S43 (1994).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"BF35400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.3.1651-1667.1996","volume":"70","author":"F Gao","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gao, F. et al. Molecular cloning and analysis of functional envelope genes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequence subtypes A through G. J. Virol. 70, 1651\u20131667 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199306000-00003","volume":"7","author":"J Louwagie","year":"1993","unstructured":"Louwagie, J. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes. AIDS 7, 769\u2013780 (1993).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"BF35400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)92026-2","volume":"ii","author":"G Williams","year":"1960","unstructured":"Williams, G., Stretton, T. B. & Leonard, J. C. Cytomegalic inclusion disease and pneumocystis carinii infection in an adult. Lancet ii, 951\u2013955 (1960).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90644-X","volume":"ii","author":"G Williams","year":"1983","unstructured":"Williams, G., Stretton, T. B. & Leonard, J. C. AIDS in 1959? Lancet ii, 1136 (1983).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91561-N","volume":"336","author":"G Corbitt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Corbitt, G., Bailey, A. S. & Williams, G. HIV infection in Manchester, 1959. Lancet 336, 51 (1990).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/374503a0","volume":"374","author":"T Zhu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zhu, T. & Ho, D. D. Was HIV present in 1959? Nature 374, 503\u2013504 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF35400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07063-8","volume":"348","author":"E Hooper","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hooper, E. & Hamilton, W. D. 1959 Manchester case of syndrome resembling AIDS. Lancet 348, 1363\u20131365 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92164-2","volume":"i","author":"SS Froland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Froland, S. S. et al. HIV-1 infection in Norwegian family before 1970. Lancet i, 1344\u20131345 (1988).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8510","volume":"231","author":"TO Jonassen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jonassen, T. O. et al. Sequence analysis of HIV-1 group O from Norwegian patients infected in the 1960s. Virology 231, 43\u201347 (1997).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BF35400_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91422-4","volume":"i","author":"AJ Nahmias","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nahmias, A. J. et al. Evidence for human infection with an HTLV-III\/LAV-like virus in central Africa, 1959. Lancet i, 1279\u20131280 (1986).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BF35400_CR12","first-page":"514","volume":"18","author":"AG Motulsky","year":"1966","unstructured":"Motulsky, A. G. et al. Population genetic studies in the Congo. 1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobin S, and malaria. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 18, 514\u2013537 (1966).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BF35400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(88)90129-6","volume":"13","author":"DV Faulkner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Faulkner, D. V. & Jurka, A. Multiple aligned sequence editor (MASE). Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 321\u2013322 (1988).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"BF35400_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W. & Myers, E. W. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403\u2013410 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/374124b0","volume":"374","author":"DL Robertson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robertson, D. L., Sharp, P. M., McCutchan, F. E. & Hahn, B. H. Recombination in HIV-1. Nature 374, 124\u2013126 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF35400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1995.11.1413","volume":"11","author":"AC Siepel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Siepel, A. C., Halpern, A. L., Macken, C. & Korber, B. Acomputer program designed to rapidly screen for HIV-1 intersubtype recombinant sequences. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 1413\u20131416 (1995).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BF35400_CR17","first-page":"313","volume":"5","author":"W-H Li","year":"1988","unstructured":"Li, W.-H., Tanimura, M. & Sharp, P. M. Rates and dates of divergence between AIDS-virus nucleotide sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5, 313\u2013330 (1988).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300032481","volume":"64","author":"JK Kelly","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kelly, J. K. An application of population genetic theory to synonymous gene sequence evolution in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Genet. Res. 64, 1\u20139 (1994).","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"BF35400_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.11.6911-6916.1995","volume":"69","author":"VV Lukashov","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lukashov, V. V., Kuiken, C. L. & Goudsmit, J. Intrahost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution is related to length of the immunocompetent period. J. Virol. 69, 6911\u20136916 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5261.537","volume":"277","author":"S Wolinsky","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wolinsky, S. et al. Adaptive evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during the natural course of infection. Science 277, 537\u2013542 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF35400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02100115","volume":"29","author":"H Kishino","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kishino, H. & Hasegawa, M. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. J. Mol. Evol. 29, 170\u2013179 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10864","volume":"93","author":"T Leitner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leitner, T., Escanilla, D., Franzen, C., Uhlen, M. & Albert, J. Accurate reconstruction of a known HIV-1 transmission history by phylogenetic tree analysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10864\u201310869 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF35400_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195097283.001.0001","volume-title":"Viral Sex: the Nature of AIDS.","author":"J Goudsmit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goudsmit, J. Viral Sex: the Nature of AIDS. (Oxford Univ. Press, 1997)."},{"key":"BF35400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.6.4761-4770.1997","volume":"71","author":"TS Leitner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leitner, T. S., Kumar, S. & Albert, J. Tempo and mode of nucleotide substitutions in gag and env gene fragments in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations with a known transmission history. J. Virol. 71, 4761\u20134770 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF35400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/333573a0","volume":"333","author":"TF Smith","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith, T. F., Srinivasen, A., Schochetman, G., Marcus, M. & Myers, G. The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 333, 573\u2013575 (1988).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF35400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/336315a0","volume":"336","author":"PM Sharp","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sharp, P. M. & Li, W-H. Understanding the origins of AIDS viruses. Nature 336, 315 (1988).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF35400_CR27","first-page":"S85","volume":"4 (suppl.)","author":"M Eigen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eigen, M. & Nieselt-Struwe, K. How old is the immunodeficiency virus? AIDS 4 (suppl.) S85\u2013S93 (1990).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"BF35400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4108","volume":"87","author":"T Gojobori","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gojobori, T. et al. Evolutionary origin of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4108\u20134111 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF35400_CR29","first-page":"41","volume":"10","author":"GJ Olsen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olsen, G. J., Matsuda, H., Hagstrom, R. & Overbeek, R. fastDNAml: a tool for construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences using maximum likelihood. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10, 41\u201348 (1994).","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"BF35400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01734359","volume":"17","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1981","unstructured":"Felsenstein, J. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17, 368\u2013376 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35400.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35400","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/35400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35400.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T11:33:48Z","timestamp":1704281628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6667","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BF35400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35400","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 1997","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 1997","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}