{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:04:50Z","timestamp":1791162290695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6564","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]],"date-time":"1996-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":823132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]],"date-time":"1996-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":823132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]],"date-time":"1996-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":823132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]],"date-time":"1996-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":823132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/379441a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,13]],"date-time":"2003-06-13T00:12:41Z","timestamp":1055463161000},"page":"441-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":568,"title":["A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"379","author":[{"given":"Melody E.","family":"Roelke-Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Packer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Pospischil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Hofmann-Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L. M.","family":"Mwamengele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. N.","family":"Mgasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"Machange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max J. G.","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF379441a0_CR1","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Recent Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior","author":"PD Moehlman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Moehlman, P. D. Recent Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior (eds Eisenberg, J. F. & Kleiman, D. G.) 423\u2013438 (American Society of Mammalogists, Lawrence, KA, 1983)."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.4.481","volume":"30","author":"KA Alexander","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alexander, K. A. & Appel, M. J. G. J. Wildl. Dis. 30, 481\u2013485 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/360633b0","volume":"360","author":"DW Macdonald","year":"1992","unstructured":"Macdonald, D. W. Nature 360, 633\u2013634 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1086\/285771","volume":"145","author":"C Packer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. Am. Nat. 145, 833\u2013841 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR5","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Reproductive Success","author":"C Packer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Packer, C. et al. Reproductive Success (ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H.) 363\u2013383 (Univ. Chicago Press, 1988)."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.9.5953-5968.1994","volume":"68","author":"EW Brown","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown, E. W., Yuhki, N., Packer, C. & O'Brien, S. J. J. Virol. 68, 5953\u20135968 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111107","volume":"82","author":"DA Gilbert","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gilbert, D. A., Packer, C., Pusey, A. E., Stephens, J. C. & O'Brien, S. J. J. Hered. 82, 378\u2013386 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/329328a0","volume":"329","author":"DE Wildt","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wildt, D. E. et al. Nature 329, 328\u2013331 (1987).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR9","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Virus Infections in Carnivores","author":"MJG Appel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Appel, M. J. G. Virus Infections in Carnivores (ed. Appel, M. J. G.) 133\u2013160 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987)."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600301","volume":"6","author":"MJG Appel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Appel, M. J. G. et al. J. vet. diagnost. Invest. 6, 277\u2013288 (1994).","journal-title":"J. vet. diagnost. Invest."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-3-443","volume":"66","author":"C Orvell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Orvell, C., Sheshberadaran, H. & Norrby, E. J. Virol. 66, 443\u2013456 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1973.34.11.1459","volume":"34","author":"MJG Appel","year":"1973","unstructured":"Appel, M. J. G. & Robson, D. S. Am. J. vet. Res. 34, 1459\u20131463 (1973).","journal-title":"Am. J. vet. Res."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400306","volume":"4","author":"MJG Appel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Appel, M. J. G., Pearce-Kelling, S. & Summers, B. A. J. vet. diagnost. Invest. 4, 258\u2013263 (1992).","journal-title":"J. vet. diagnost. Invest."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR14","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Virus Infections of Carnivores","author":"RJ Montali","year":"1991","unstructured":"Montali, R. J., Bartz, C. R. & Bush, M. Virus Infections of Carnivores (ed. Appel, M.) 437\u2013443 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991)."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR15","first-page":"357","volume":"24","author":"EW Brown","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown, E. W., Miththapala, S. & O'Brien, S. O. J. Zool. Wildl. Med. 24, 357\u2013364 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Zool. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.05.784","volume":"41","author":"LE Carmichael","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carmichael, L. E., Jouber, J. C. & Pollack, R. V. H. Am. J. vet. Res. 41, 784\u2013791 (1980).","journal-title":"Am. J. vet. Res."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR17","first-page":"347","volume":"65","author":"H Hofer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hofer, H. & East, M. L. Symp. zool. Soc. London 65, 347\u2013366 (1993).","journal-title":"Symp. zool. Soc. London"},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1217","volume":"193","author":"T Barrett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barrett, T. et al. Virology 193, 1010\u20131012 (1993).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR19","volume-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP)","author":"DL Swafford","year":"1984","unstructured":"Swafford, D. L. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) (Illinois National History Survey, Champaign, IL, 1984)."},{"key":"BF379441a0_CR20","volume-title":"Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). Version 3.3","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Felsenstein, J. Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP). Version 3.3 (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1995)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/381172a0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,9]],"date-time":"1996-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":831600000000}},{"DOI":"10.1038\/nature08888","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270684800000}}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/379441a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/379441a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/379441a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T11:24:12Z","timestamp":1744284252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/379441a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6564","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF379441a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/379441a0","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/nature08888","asserted-by":"object"}],"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/381172a0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 1994","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 1994","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2010","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Erratum","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An Erratum to this paper has been published:","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08888","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08888","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}