{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:40:46Z","timestamp":1779100846343,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6625","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]],"date-time":"1997-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":859852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/386604a0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,12]],"date-time":"2003-08-12T02:26:50Z","timestamp":1060655210000},"page":"604-608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1411,"title":["Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"386","author":[{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Perlstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd S.","family":"Braver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leigh E.","family":"Nystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas C.","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jonides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF386604a0_CR1","volume-title":"Working Memory","author":"AD Baddeley","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1986)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526817","volume-title":"From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure","author":"T Shallice","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shallice, T. From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1988)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.8.4.494","volume":"8","author":"SE Gathercole","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gathercole, S. E. Neuropsychology and working memory: a review. Neuropsychology 8, 494\u2013505 (1994).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/362342a0","volume":"362","author":"E Paulesu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362, 342\u2013345 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3997.652","volume":"173","author":"JM Fuster","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fuster, J. M. & Alexander, G. E. Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science 173, 652\u2013654 (1971).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR6","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System","author":"PS Goldman-Rakic","year":"1987","unstructured":"Goldman-Rakic, P. S. in Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System (eds Plum, E & Mountcastle, V.) 373\u2013417 (American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 1987)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230234","volume":"78","author":"P Barone","year":"1989","unstructured":"Barone, P. & Joseph, J. P. Prefrontal cortex and spatial sequencing in macaque monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 78, 447\u2013464 (1989).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05154.1996","volume":"16","author":"EK Miller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A. & Desimone, R. Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. J. Neurosci. 16, 5154\u20135167 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460010407","volume":"1","author":"JD Cohen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cohen, J. D. et al. Activation of prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI. Hum. Brain Map. 1, 293\u2013304 (1994).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.1.11","volume":"6","author":"EE Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith, E. E., Jonides, J. & Koeppe, R. A. Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cereb. Cortex 6, 11\u201320 (1996).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0247","volume":"6","author":"TS Braver","year":"1997","unstructured":"Braver, T. S. et al. A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage 6, 49\u201362 (1997).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR12","volume-title":"Society of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Meeting 450","author":"RL Savoy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Savoy, R. L. et al. in Society of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Meeting 450 (International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Nice, 1995)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR13","unstructured":"Vazquez, A. L. & Noll, D. C. Non-linear temporal aspects of the BOLD response in fMRI. Proc. Int. Soc. Magn. Res. Med. 4th Meet. 1765 (1996)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5675","volume":"89","author":"KK Kwong","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kwong, K. K. et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5675\u20135679 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.6.2012","volume":"91","author":"E Tulving","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tulving, E. et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: auditory sentence recognition. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2012\u20132015 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-02-00808.1996","volume":"16","author":"JA Fiez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fiez, J. A. et al. A positron emission tomography study of the short-term maintenance of verbal information. J. Neurosci. 16, 808\u2013822 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G. & Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature (this issue).","DOI":"10.1038\/386608a0"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR18","unstructured":"Jonides, J. et al. Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activity as measured by PET. J. Cogn. Neuroscience (in the press)."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0138","volume":"351","author":"JD Cohen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cohen, J. D., Braver, T. S. & O'Reilly, R. A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, and schizophrenia: recent developments and current challenges. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 351, 1515\u20131527 (1996).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/378279a0","volume":"378","author":"M D'Esposito","year":"1995","unstructured":"D'Esposito, M. et al. The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 378, 279\u2013281 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0157","volume":"246","author":"ME Petrides","year":"1991","unstructured":"Petrides, M. E. Functional specialization within the dorsolateral frontal cortex for serial order memory. Proc. R. Soc. Land. B. 246, 293\u2013298 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Land. B."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barch, D. M. et al. Dissociating working memory from task difficulty in human prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia (in the press).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00072-9"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00662.x","volume":"7","author":"E Awh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Awh, E. et al. Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: evidence from PET. Psychol. Sci. 7, 25\u201331 (1996).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(92)90005-I","volume":"31","author":"G Waters","year":"1992","unstructured":"Waters, G., Rochon, E. & Caplan, D. The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: evidence from patients with apraxia of speech. J. Mem. Lang. 31, 54\u201373 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204507","volume":"25","author":"JD Cohen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cohen, J. D., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M. R. & Provost, J. PsyScope: a new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behav. Res. Meth. Instru. Comput. 25, 257\u2013271 (1993).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Meth. Instru. Comput."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.5951","volume":"89","author":"S Ogawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogawa, S. et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping using MRI. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951\u20135955 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880050112","volume":"5","author":"DC Noll","year":"1995","unstructured":"Noll, D. C., Cohen, J. D., Meyer, C. H. & Schneider, W. Spiral K-space MR imaging of cortical activation. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 5, 49\u201356 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imag."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199207000-00024","volume":"16","author":"RP Woods","year":"1992","unstructured":"Woods, R. P., Cherry, S. R. & Mazziotta, J. C. Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. J. Comp. Assist. Tomogr. 16, 620\u2013633 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330508","volume":"33","author":"SD Forman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Forman, S. D. et al. Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold. Mag. Reson. Med. 33, 636\u2013647 (1995).","journal-title":"Mag. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BF386604a0_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","volume":"29","author":"RW Cox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cox, R. W. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162\u2013173 (1996).","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/386604a0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/386604a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/386604a0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T03:10:59Z","timestamp":1684293059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/386604a0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6625","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BF386604a0"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/386604a0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}}}