{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:03:22Z","timestamp":1792811002549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6865","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]],"date-time":"2001-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]],"date-time":"2001-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/414759a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T04:34:56Z","timestamp":1027658096000},"page":"759-763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":316,"title":["A pol I transcriptional body associated with VSG mono-allelic expression in Trypanosoma brucei"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"414","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Gull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"BF414759a_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200004717X","volume":"71","author":"GA Cross","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cross, G. A. M. Identification, purification and properties of variant-specific glycoprotein antigens constituting the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 71, 393\u2013417 (1975).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00243-2","volume":"114","author":"P Borst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Borst, P. & Ulbert, S. Control of VSG gene expression sites. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 114, 17\u201327 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.135.6.1685","volume":"135","author":"CC Robinett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robinett, C. C. et al. In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator\/repressor recognition. J. Cell Biol. 135, 1685\u2013700 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00242-0","volume":"114","author":"E Pays","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pays, E., Lips, S., Nolan, D., Vanhamme, L. & Perez-Morga, D. The VSG expression sites of Trypanosoma brucei: multipurpose tools for the adaptation of the parasite to mammalian hosts. Mol.\u00a0Biochem. Parasitol. 114, 1\u201316 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol.\u00a0Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/35166","volume":"391","author":"W Bitter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bitter, W., Gerrits, H., Kieft, R. & Borst, P. The role of transferrin-receptor variation in the host range of Trypanosoma brucei. Nature 391, 499\u2013502 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90798-8","volume":"57","author":"E Pays","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pays, E. et al. The genes and transcripts of an antigen expression site from T. brucei. Cell 57, 835\u2013845 (1989).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07467.x","volume":"9","author":"JC Zomerdijk","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zomerdijk, J. C. B. M. et al. The promoter for a variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 9, 2791\u20132801 (1990).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01680-1","volume":"15","author":"P Borst","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borst, P. & Chaves, I. Mono-allelic expression of genes in simple eukaryotes. Trends Genet. 15, 95\u201396 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.9.5839","volume":"19","author":"NP Robinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robinson, N. P., Burman, N., Melville, S. E. & Barry, J. D. Predominance of duplicative VSG gene conversion in antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5839\u20135846 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.2.737","volume":"108","author":"I Roditi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Roditi, I. et al. Procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Cell Biol. 108, 737\u2013746 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/12.24.9457","volume":"12","author":"JM Kooter","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kooter, J. M. & Borst, P. Alpha-amanitin-insensitive transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes provides further evidence for discontinuous transcription in trypanosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 9457\u20139472 (1984).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08611.x","volume":"8","author":"G Rudenko","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rudenko, G., Bishop, D., Gottesdiener, K. & Van der Ploeg, L. H. T. Alpha-amanitin resistant transcription of protein coding genes in insect and bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 8, 4259\u20134263 (1989).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.2.303","volume":"20","author":"G Rudenko","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rudenko, G., Lee, M. G.-S. & Van der Ploeg, L. H. T. The PARP and VSG genes of Trypanosoma brucei do not resemble RNA polymerase II transcription units in sensitivity to Sarkosyl in nuclear run-on assays. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 303\u2013306 (1992).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.8.5466","volume":"19","author":"G Laufer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laufer, G., Schaaf, G., Bollgonn, S. & G\u00fcnzl, A. In vitro analysis of alpha-amanitin-resistant transcription from the rRNA, procyclic acidic repetitive protein, and variant surface glycoprotein gene promoters in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5466\u20135473 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(99)80054-4","volume":"11","author":"U Scheer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scheer, U. & Hock, R. Structure and function of the nucleolus. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11, 385\u2013390 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR16","first-page":"144","volume":"13","author":"T Hartshorne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hartshorne, T. & Agabian, N. RNA B is the major nucleolar trimethylguanosine-capped small nuclear RNA associated with fibrillarin and pre-rRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 144\u2013154 (1993).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.8.2241","volume":"18","author":"A Pombo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pombo, A. et al. Regional specialization in human nuclei: visualization of discrete sites of transcription by RNA polymerase III. EMBO J. 18, 2241\u20132253 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/353772a0","volume":"353","author":"JCBM Zomerdijk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zomerdijk, J. C. B. M., Kieft, R. & Borst, P. Efficient production of functional mRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I in Trypanosoma brucei. Nature 353, 772\u2013775 (1991).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12328","volume":"95","author":"I Chaves","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chaves, I. et al. Subnuclear localization of the active variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12328\u201312333 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00002-X","volume":"99","author":"E Wirtz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wirtz, E., Leal, S., Ochatt, C. & Cross, G. A. M. A tightly regulated inducible expression system for conditional gene knock-outs and dominant-negative genetics in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 99, 89\u2013101 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.17.4846","volume":"18","author":"I Chaves","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chaves, I., Rudenko, G., Dirks-Mulder, A., Cross, M. & Borst, P. Control of variant surface glycoprotein gene-expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 18, 4846\u20134855 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01844.x","volume":"36","author":"L Vanhamme","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vanhamme, L. et al. Differential RNA elongation controls the variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Microbiol. 36, 328\u2013340 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.8.2265","volume":"18","author":"M Navarro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Navarro, M., Cross, G. A. & Wirtz, E. Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein regulation involves coupled activation\/inactivation and chromatin remodeling of expression sites. EMBO J. 18, 2265\u20132272 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(99)80023-9","volume":"9","author":"F Grosveld","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grosveld, F. Activation by locus control regions? Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9, 152\u2013157 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5421.1790","volume":"284","author":"PR Cook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cook, P. R. The organization of replication and transcription. Science 284, 1790\u20131795 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01583-2","volume":"14","author":"R Ohlsson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ohlsson, R., Tycko, B. & Sapienza, C. Monoallelic expression: \u2018there can only be one\u2019. Trends Genet. 14, 435\u2013438 (1998).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.125.5.1147","volume":"125","author":"KR Matthews","year":"1994","unstructured":"Matthews, K. R. & Gull, K. Evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of African trypanosomes. J. Cell Biol. 125, 1147\u20131156 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5312.611","volume":"276","author":"K Ersfeld","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ersfeld, K. & Gull, K. Partitioning of large and minichromosomes in Trypanosoma brucei. Science 276, 611\u2013614 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF414759a_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.7.3615","volume":"16","author":"M Navarro","year":"1996","unstructured":"Navarro, M. & Cross, G. A. DNA rearrangements associated with multiple consecutive directed antigenic switches in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3615\u20133625 (1996).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BF414759a_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00049-8","volume":"94","author":"M Navarro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Navarro, M. & Cross, G. A. In situ analysis of a variant surface glycoprotein expression-site promoter region in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 94, 53\u201366 (1998).","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/414759a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/414759a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/414759a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T12:08:00Z","timestamp":1643803680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/414759a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6865","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]]}},"alternative-id":["BF414759a"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/414759a","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2001","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2001","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2001","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}