{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T16:45:12Z","timestamp":1775925912552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6879","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:31:14Z","timestamp":1027672274000},"page":"389-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7824,"title":["Ecological responses to recent climate change"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"416","author":[{"given":"Gian-Reto","family":"Walther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Convey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Menzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Parmesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trevor J. C.","family":"Beebee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Fromentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ove","family":"Hoegh-Guldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Bairlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF416389a_CR1","unstructured":"Climate Change 2001. Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC\u00a0(WG I & II) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01764-4","volume":"15","author":"L Hughes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hughes, L. Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 56\u201361 (2000).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5454.793","volume":"287","author":"Wuethrich, B.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wuethrich, B. How climate change alters rhythms of the wild. Science 287, 793\u2013795 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2001.015002320.x","volume":"15(2)","author":"JP McCarty","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCarty, J. P. Ecological consequences of recent climate change. Conserv. Biol. 15(2), 320\u2013331 (2001).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420100655","volume":"128","author":"G Ottersen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ottersen, G. et al. Ecological effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Oecologia 128, 1\u201314 (2001).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8692-4","volume-title":"\u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges","author":"G-R Walther","year":"2001","unstructured":"Walther, G.-R., Burga, C. A. & Edwards, P. J. (eds) \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges (Kluwer Academic\/Plenum, New York, 2001)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR7","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Climate of the 21st Century: Changes and Risks","author":"F Bairlein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bairlein, F. & Winkel, W. in Climate of the 21st Century: Changes and Risks (eds Lozan, J. L., Gra\u00dfl, H. & Hupfer, P.) 278\u2013282 (Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, 2001)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8692-4_8","volume-title":"\u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges","author":"A Menzel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menzel, A. & Estrella, N. in \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges (eds Walther, G.-R., Burga, C. A. & Edwards, P. J.) 123\u2013137 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2001)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01640470","volume":"133","author":"W Gatter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gatter, W. Timing and patterns of visible autumn migration: Can effects of global warming be detected? J. Ornithol. 133(4), 427\u2013436 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2001.00430.x","volume":"7","author":"A Menzel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menzel, A., Estrella, N. & Fabian, P. Spatial and temporal variability of the phenological seasons in Germany from 1951\u20131996. Glob. Change Biol. 7, 657\u2013666 (2001).","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/17709","volume":"397","author":"A Menzel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Menzel, A. & Fabrian, P. Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397, 659 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","volume":"386","author":"RB Myneni","year":"1997","unstructured":"Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. & Nemani, R. R. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386, 698\u2013702 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/382146a0","volume":"382","author":"CD Keeling","year":"1996","unstructured":"Keeling, C. D., Chin, J. F. S. & Whorf, T. P. Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements. Nature 382, 146\u2013149 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/34070","volume":"391","author":"MC Forchhammer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Forchhammer, M. C., Post, E. & Stenseth, N. C. Breeding phenology and climate. Nature 391, 29\u201330 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[1322:CVPPAN]2.0.CO;2","volume":"80","author":"E Post","year":"1999","unstructured":"Post, E. & Stenseth, N. C. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80, 1322\u20131339 (1999).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050094","volume":"42","author":"R Ahas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ahas, R. Long-term phyto-, ornitho- and ichthyophenological time-series analyses in Estonia. Int. J. Biometeorol. 42, 119\u2013123 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9701","volume":"96","author":"NL Bradley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bradley, N. L., Leopold, A. C., Ross, J. & Huffaker, W. Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9701\u20139704 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR18","first-page":"8","volume":"223","author":"T Sparks","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sparks, T., Heyen, H., Braslavska, O. & Lehikoinen, E. Are European birds migrating earlier? BTO News 223, 8\u20139 (1999).","journal-title":"BTO News"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/00063650009461157","volume":"47","author":"N Huin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huin, N. & Sparks, T. H. Spring arrival patterns of the cuckoo Cuculus canorus, nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos and spotted flycatcher Musciapa striata in Britain. Bird Study 47, 22\u201331 (2000).","journal-title":"Bird Study"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR20","volume-title":"Extreme Environmental Change and Evolution","author":"AA Hoffman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hoffman, A. A. & Parsons, P. A. Extreme Environmental Change and Evolution (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR21","volume-title":"Climate and Plant Distribution","author":"FI Woodward","year":"1987","unstructured":"Woodward, F. I. Climate and Plant Distribution (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1987)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/20839","volume":"399","author":"HQP Crick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crick, H. Q. P. & Sparks, T. H. Climate change related to egg-laying trends. Nature 399, 423\u2013424 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2068","volume":"289","author":"DR Easterling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Easterling, D. R. et al. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289, 2068\u20132074 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/369448a0","volume":"369","author":"G Grabherr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grabherr, G., Gottfried, M. & Pauli, H. Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature 369, 448 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/21181","volume":"399","author":"C Parmesan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parmesan, C. et al. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399, 579\u2013583 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/382765a0","volume":"382","author":"C Parmesan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Parmesan, C. Climate and species' range. Nature 382, 765\u2013766 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0279:IOCCFT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"77","author":"TR Karl","year":"1996","unstructured":"Karl, T. R., Knight, R. W., Easterling, D. R. & Quayle, R. G. Indices of climate change for the United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 279\u2013292 (1996).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.1998.0389","volume":"55","author":"S Nehring","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nehring, S. Establishment of thermophilic phytoplankton species in the North Sea: biological indicators of climatic changes? ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55, 818\u2013823 (1996).","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1127\/phyto\/30\/2000\/409","volume":"30(3\u20134)","author":"G-R Walther","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walther, G.-R. Climatic forcing on the dispersal of exotic species. Phytocoenologia 30(3\u20134), 409\u2013430 (2000).","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR30","first-page":"1219","volume":"318","author":"JRM Chisholm","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chisholm, J. R. M., Jaubert, J. M. & Giaccone, G. Caulerpa taxifolia in the northwest Mediterranean: introduced species or migrant for the Red Sea? C. R. Acad. Sci. Life Sci. 318, 1219\u20131226 (1995).","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. Life Sci."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR31","first-page":"359","volume":"24(4)","author":"J Nieder","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nieder, J., La Mesa, G. & Vacchi, M. Blenniidae along the Italian coasts of the Ligurian and the Tyrrhenian Sea: Community structure and new records of Scartella cristata for northern Italy. Cybium 24(4), 359\u2013369 (2000).","journal-title":"Cybium"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01554-7","volume":"14(4)","author":"JS Dukes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dukes, J. S. & Mooney, H. A. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends Ecol. Evol. 14(4), 135\u2013139 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(95)00099-2","volume":"76","author":"RIL Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith, R. I. L. Introduced plants in Antarctica: potential impacts and conservation issues. Biol. Conserv. 76, 135\u2013146 (1996).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1994.tb02015.x","volume":"110","author":"PJA Pugh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pugh, P. J. A. Non-indigenous Acari of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 110, 207\u2013217 (1994).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0409:BAPSOC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"79(3)","author":"PR Epstein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Epstein, P. R. et al. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79(3), 409\u2013417 (1998).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9729","volume":"94","author":"JH Brown","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown, J. H., Valone, T. J. & Curtin, C. G. Reorganization of an arid ecosystem in response to recent climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9729\u20139733 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(1999)069[0465:CRCIAI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"69","author":"RD Sagarin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sagarin, R. D., Barry, J. P., Gilman, S. E. & Baxter, C. H. Climate-related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecol. Monogr. 69, 465\u2013490 (1999).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/19297","volume":"398","author":"JA Pounds","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pounds, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L. & Campbell, J. H. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398, 611\u2013615 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3189\/1998AoG27-1-571-575","volume":"27","author":"JC King","year":"1998","unstructured":"King, J. C. & Harangozo, S. A. Climate change in the western Antarctic peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes. Ann. Glaciol. 27, 571\u2013575 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01688-2","volume":"14","author":"DM Bergstrom","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergstrom, D. M. & Chown, S. L. Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 472\u2013476 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1071\/MF99078","volume":"50","author":"O Hoegh-Guldberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 50, 839\u2013866 (1999).","journal-title":"Mar. Freshwat. Res."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99145.x","volume":"14","author":"JK Reaser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reaser, J. K., Pomerance, R., Thomas, P. O. Coral bleaching and global climate change: scientific findings and policy recommendations. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1500\u20131511 (2000).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8692-4_2","volume-title":"\u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges","author":"P Convey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Convey, P. in \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Climate Change\u2014Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges (eds Walther, G.-R., Burga, C. A. & Edwards, P. J.) 17\u201342 (Kluwer Academic, New York, 2001)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR44","volume-title":"Reefs at Risk: a Map-based Indicator of Threats to the World's Coral Reefs","author":"D Bryant","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bryant, D., Burke, L., McManus, J. & Spalding, M. Reefs at Risk: a Map-based Indicator of Threats to the World's Coral Reefs (World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 1998)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR45","first-page":"19","volume":"25","author":"RIL Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, R. I. L. Plant colonisation response to climate change in the Antarctic. Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masarykianae Brunensis, Geographia 25, 19\u201333 (2001).","journal-title":"Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masarykianae Brunensis, Geographia"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2000.00512.x","volume":"27","author":"P Convey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Convey, P., Smith, R. I. L., Hodgson, D. A. & Peat, H. J. The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating. J. Biogeogr. 27, 1279\u20131295 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(91)90208-F","volume":"6","author":"PW Glynn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Glynn, P. W. Coral reef bleaching in the 1980s and possible connections with global warming. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6, 175\u2013179 (1991).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR48","volume-title":"Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000","author":"CR Wilkinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilkinson, C. R. (ed.) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 2000)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050249","volume":"16","author":"BE Brown","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown, B. E. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16, 129\u2013138 (1997).","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(00)00026-6","volume":"40","author":"T Spencer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Spencer, T., Teleki, T. A., Bradshaw, C. & Spalding, M. Coral bleaching in the southern Seychelles during the 1997\u20131998 Indian Ocean warm event. Mar. Poll. Bull. 40, 569\u2013586 (2000).","journal-title":"Mar. Poll. Bull."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR51","first-page":"183","volume":"139(1)","author":"PJ Mumby","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mumby, P. J. et al. Unprecedented bleaching-induced mortality in Porites spp. at Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia. Mar. Biol. 139(1), 183\u2013189 (2001).","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00203.x","volume":"4","author":"Y Loya","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loya, Y. et al. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Ecol. Lett. 4, 122\u2013131 (2001).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1071\/MU9940027","volume":"94","author":"DM Cunningham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cunningham, D. M. & Moors, P. J. The decline of rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Campbell Island, Southern Ocean and the influence of rising sea temperatures. Emu 94, 27\u201336 (1994).","journal-title":"Emu"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/35075554","volume":"411","author":"C Barbraud","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barbraud, C. & Weimerskirch, H. Emperor penguins and climate change. Nature 411, 183\u2013186 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S000632319800526X","volume":"74","author":"SL Chown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chown, S. L. & Gaston, K. J. Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macro-scales: the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biol. Rev. 74, 87\u2013120 (1999).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0770","volume":"266","author":"G-P Saetre","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saetre, G.-P., Post, E. & Kral, M. Can environmental fluctuation prevent competitive exclusion in sympatric flycatchers? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 1247\u20131251 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3354\/meps134111","volume":"134","author":"J-M Fromentin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fromentin, J.-M. & Planque, B. Calanus and environment in the eastern North Atlantic. 2. Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on C. finmarchius and C. helgolandicus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134, 111\u2013118 (1996).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR58","volume-title":"Population Production and Regulation in the Sea: a Fisheries Perspective","author":"DH Cushing","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cushing, D. H. Population Production and Regulation in the Sea: a Fisheries Perspective (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2000.0640","volume":"57","author":"V Wespestad","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wespestad, V., Fritz, L. W., Ingraham, J. W. & Megrey, B. A. On the relationship between cannibalism, climate variability, physical transport, and recruitment of Bering sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 272\u2013278 (2000).","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/43174","volume":"387","author":"V Loeb","year":"1997","unstructured":"Loeb, V. et al. Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387, 897\u2013900 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00110.x","volume":"5","author":"JJ Polovina","year":"1996","unstructured":"Polovina, J. J. Decadal variation in the trans-Pacific migration of northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) coherent with climate-induced change in prey abundance. Fish Oceanogr. 5, 114\u2013119 (1996).","journal-title":"Fish Oceanogr."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-4433-9_25","volume-title":"Reinventing Fisheries Management","author":"A Bakun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bakun, A. in Reinventing Fisheries Management (eds Pitcher, T. J., Hart, P. J. B. & Pauly, D.) 331\u2013358 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1998)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.210","volume":"281","author":"JA McGowan","year":"1998","unstructured":"McGowan, J. A., Cayan, D. R. & Dorman, L. M. Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the Northeast Pacific. Science 281, 210\u2013217 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-114","volume":"56","author":"B Planque","year":"1999","unstructured":"Planque, B. & Fr\u00e9dou, T. Temperature and the recruitment of Atlantic cod (Gadus mohrua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 2069\u20132077 (1999).","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7487","volume":"91","author":"FJ Janzen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Janzen, F. J. Climate-change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7484\u20137490 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02034.x","volume":"52","author":"T Rhen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rhen, T. & Lang, J. W. Among-family variation for environmental sex determination in reptiles. Evolution 52, 1514\u20131520 (1998).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/374219a0","volume":"374","author":"TJC Beebee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beebee, T. J. C. Amphibian breeding and climate change. Nature 374, 219\u2013220 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/35070552","volume":"410","author":"JM Kiesecker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kiesecker, J. M., Blaustein, A. R. & Belden, L. K. Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature 410, 681\u2013684 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/35077063","volume":"411","author":"C Both","year":"2001","unstructured":"Both, C. & Visser, M. E. Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird. Nature 411, 296\u2013298 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1363","volume":"268","author":"ME Visser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Visser, M. E. & Holleman, L. J. M. Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 289\u2013294 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0514","volume":"265","author":"ME Visser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Visser, M. E., van Noordwijk, A. J., Tinbergen, J. M. & Lessels, C. M. Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1867\u20131870 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.1999.00366.x","volume":"68","author":"JM Milner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Milner, J. M., Elston, D. A. & Albon, S. D. Estimating the contributions of population density and climatic fluctuations to interannual variation in survival of Soay sheep. J. Anim. Ecol. 68, 1235\u20131247 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0182","volume":"264","author":"E Post","year":"1997","unstructured":"Post, E., Stenseth, N. C., Langvatn, R. & Fromentin, J.-M. Global climate change and phenotypic variation among red deer cohorts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264, 1317\u20131324 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8790.2001.00532.x","volume":"70","author":"MC Forchhammer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Forchhammer, M. C., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Lindstr\u00f6m, J. & Albon, S. D. Climate and population density induce long-term cohort variation in a northern ungulate. J. Anim. Ecol. 70, 721\u2013729 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/29291","volume":"394","author":"BT Grenfell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grenfell, B. T. et al. Noise and determinism in synchronized sheep dynamics. Nature 394, 674\u2013677 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-1-5","volume":"1","author":"E Post","year":"2001","unstructured":"Post, E. & Forchhammer, M. C. Pervasive influence of large-scale climate in the dynamics of a terrestrial vertebrate community. BMC Ecol. 1, 5 (2001).","journal-title":"BMC Ecol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/44814","volume":"401","author":"E Post","year":"1999","unstructured":"Post, E., Peterson, R. O., Stenseth, N. C. & McLaren, B. E. Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate. Nature 401, 905\u2013907 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1999)080[2225:FITPDS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"80","author":"M Pascual","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pascual, M. & Levin, S. A. From individuals to population densities: searching for the intermediate scale of nontrivial determinism. Ecology 80, 2225\u20132236 (1999).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1993.07020256.x","volume":"7","author":"TL Root","year":"1993","unstructured":"Root, T. L. & Schneider, S. H. Can large-scale climatic models be linked with multiscale ecological studies? Conserv. Biol. 7, 256\u2013270 (1993).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01604-3","volume":"14","author":"R Harrington","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harrington, R., Woiwod, I. & Sparks, T. Climate change and trophic interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 146\u2013150 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR81","first-page":"464","volume":"85","author":"LF Pitelka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pitelka, L. F. & The Plant Migration Workshop Group. Plant migration and climate change. Am. Sci. 85, 464\u2013473 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.00322.x","volume":"6","author":"DB Roy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roy, D. B. & Sparks, T. H. Phenology of British butterflies and climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 6, 407\u2013416 (2000).","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/41453","volume":"388","author":"HQP Crick","year":"1997","unstructured":"Crick, H. Q. P., Dudley, C., Glue, D. E. & Thomson, D. L. UK birds are laying eggs earlier. Nature 388, 526 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5565","volume":"96","author":"JL Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown, J. L., Li, S.-H. & Bhagabati, N. Long-term trend toward earlier breeding in an American bird: A response to global warming? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5565\u20135569 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0950","volume":"266","author":"PO Dunn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dunn, P. O. & Winkler, D. W. Climate change has affected the breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 2487\u20132490 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1630","volume":"97","author":"DW Inouye","year":"2000","unstructured":"Inouye, D. W., Barr, B., Armitage, K. B. & Inouye, B. D. Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1630\u20131633 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-30.2.72","volume":"30(2)","author":"L Kullman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kullman, L. 20th century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden. Ambio 30(2), 72\u201380 (2001).","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1127\/phyto\/30\/2000\/431","volume":"30(3\u20134)","author":"T Meshinev","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meshinev, T., Apostolova, I. & Koleva, E. Influence of warming on timberline rising: a case study on Pinus peuce Griseb. in Bulgaria. Phytocoenologia 30(3\u20134), 431\u2013438 (2000).","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1992.10412909","volume":"30","author":"P Wardle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wardle, P. & Coleman, M. C. Evidence for rising upper limits of four native New Zealand forest trees. NZ J. Bot. 30, 303\u2013314 (1992).","journal-title":"NZ J. Bot."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/35079180","volume":"411","author":"M Sturm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sturm, M., Racine, C. & Tape, K. Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature 411, 546\u2013547 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.26.110195.003343","volume":"26","author":"AD Kennedy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kennedy, A. D. Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem response to global environmental change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 683\u2013704 (1995).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1997)007[1299:CIAAOT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"7","author":"SJ Holbrook","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holbrook, S. J., Schmitt, R. J. & Stephens, J. S. Jr Changes in an assemblage of temperate reef fishes associated with a climatic shift. Ecol. Appl. 7, 1299\u20131310 (1997).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4565(94)00043-I","volume":"20","author":"AJ Southward","year":"1995","unstructured":"Southward, A. J., Hawkins, S. J. & Burrows, M. T. Seventy years' observations of changes in distribution and abundance of zooplankton and intertidal organisms in the western English Channel in relation to rising sea temperature. J. Therm. Biol. 20, 127\u2013155 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2419.1997.00035.x","volume":"6(2)","author":"J Alheit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alheit, J. & Hagen, E. Long-term climate forcing of European herring and sardine populations. Fish. Oceanogr. 6(2), 130\u2013139 (1997).","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR95","unstructured":"Parmesan, C. in Evolution and Ecology Taking Flight: Butterflies as Model Systems (eds Boggs, C. L., Watt, W. B. & Ehrlich, P. R.) (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, in the press)."},{"key":"BF416389a_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/20335","volume":"399","author":"CD Thomas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thomas, C. D. & Lennon, J. J. Birds extend their ranges northwards. Nature 399, 213 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BF416389a_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2307\/3545168","volume":"64","author":"P Hersteinsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hersteinsson, P. & MacDonald, D. W. Interspecific competition and the geographical distribution of red and arctic foxes Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus. Oikos 64, 505\u2013515 (1992).","journal-title":"Oikos"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/416389a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/416389a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/416389a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:27:56Z","timestamp":1684369676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/416389a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6879","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BF416389a"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/416389a","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}}}