{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:09:50Z","timestamp":1776802190447,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6754","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]],"date-time":"1999-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":938736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/44359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:41:22Z","timestamp":1027672882000},"page":"685-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4325,"title":["Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"401","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Sirringhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bechgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B. M. W.","family":"Langeveld-Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. J. H.","family":"Spiering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. A. J.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. W.","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Herwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF44359_CR1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers","author":"EJ Samuelsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samuelsen,E. J. & M\u00e5rdalen,J. in Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers Vol. 3 (eds Nalwa, H. S.) 87\u2013120 (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1997)."},{"key":"BF44359_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.1021\/ma980632u","volume":"31","author":"M Kobashi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kobashi,M. & Takeuchi,H. Inhomogeneity of spin-coated and cast non-regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films. Structures and electrical and photophysical properties. Macromolecules 31, 7273\u20137278 (1998).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"BF44359_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.117834","volume":"69","author":"Z Bao","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bao,Z., Dodabalapur,A. & Lovinger,A. J. Soluble and processable regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) for thin film field-effect transistor applications with high mobility. Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 4108\u20134110 (1996).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BF44359_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5370.1741","volume":"280","author":"H Sirringhaus","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sirringhaus,H., Tessler,N. & Friend,R. H. Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers. Science 280, 1741\u20131744 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF44359_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.121783","volume":"73","author":"CJ Drury","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drury,C. J., Mutsaers,C. M. J., Hart,C. M., Matters,M. & deLeeuw,D. M. Low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 108\u2013110 (1998).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BF44359_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1063\/1.121736","volume":"73","author":"A Dodabalapur","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dodabalapur,A. et al. Organic smart pixels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 142\u2013144 (1998).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BF44359_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199801)10:2<93::AID-ADMA93>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"10","author":"RD McCullough","year":"1998","unstructured":"McCullough,R. D. The chemistry of conducting polythiophenes. Adv. Mater. 10, 93\u2013116 (1998).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BF44359_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00043a019","volume":"25","author":"TJ Prosa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Prosa,T. J., Winokur,M. J., Moulton,J., Smith,P. & Heeger,A. J. X-ray structural studies of poly(3-alkylthiophenes)\u2014An example of an inverse comb. Macromolecules 25, 4364\u20134372 (1992).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"BF44359_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(95)00167-0","volume":"94","author":"HJ Fell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fell,H. J., Samuelsen,E. J., Als-Nielsen,J., Gr\u00fcbel,G. & M\u00e5rdalen,J. Unexpected orientational effects in spin-cast, sub-micron layers of poly(alkylthiophene)s: A diffraction study with synchrotron radiation. Solid State Commun. 94, 843\u2013846 (1995).","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"BF44359_CR10","first-page":"41","volume-title":"X-ray Diffraction","author":"BE Warren","year":"1969","unstructured":"Warren,B. E. X-ray Diffraction 41\u201350 (Addison-Wesley, Reading, USA, 1969)."},{"key":"BF44359_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/25\/5\/024","volume":"25","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ishikawa,H. et al. Effect of molecular mass of poly(3-alkylthiophene) on electrical properties. J. Phys. D 25, 897\u2013900 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"},{"key":"BF44359_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12952","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.58.12952","volume":"58","author":"JH Sch\u00f6n","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n,J. H., Kloc,C., Laudise,R. A. & Batlogg,B. Electrical properties of single crystals of rigid rodlike conjugated molecules. Phys. Rev. B 58, 12952\u201312957 (1998).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BF44359_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(93)91044-3","volume":"54","author":"M Deussen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Deussen,M. & B\u00e4ssler,H. Anion and cation absorption spectra of conjugated oligomers and polymer. Synth. Met. 54, 49\u201355 (1993).","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"BF44359_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.66.2231","volume":"66","author":"KE Ziemelis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ziemelis,K. E. et al. Optical spectroscopy of field-induced charge in poly(3-hexyl thienylene) metal-insulator-semiconductor structures: Evidence for polarons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2231\u20132234 (1991).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BF44359_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-3467(97)00090-6","volume":"9","author":"MG Harrison","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harrison,M. G., Fichou,D., Garnier,F. & Yassar,A. In situ charge-modulation spectroscopy of oligothiophene field-effect diodes: from sexithiophene towards polythiophene. Opt. Mater. 9, 53\u201358 (1998).","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"BF44359_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3765(19980807)4:8<1509::AID-CHEM1509>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"4","author":"JAEHV Haare","year":"1998","unstructured":"Haare,J. A. E. H. V. et al. Redox states of long oligothiophenes: Two polarons on a single chain. Chem. Eur. J. 4, 1509\u20131522 (1998).","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"BF44359_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(94)90212-7","volume":"62","author":"G Horowitz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Horowitz,G., Yassar,A. & Bardeleben,H. J. V. ESR and optical spectroscopy evidence for a chain length dependence of the charged states of thiophene oligomers. Extrapolation to polythiophene. Synth. Met. 62, 245\u2013252 (1994).","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"BF44359_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(82)91126-7","volume":"41","author":"B Horovitz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Horovitz,B. Infrared activity of Peierls systems and application to polyacetylene. Solid State Commun. 41, 729\u2013734 (1982).","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"BF44359_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.124.1866","volume":"124","author":"U Fano","year":"1961","unstructured":"Fano,U. Effects of configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts. Phys. Rev. 124, 1866\u20131878 (1961).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"BF44359_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.33.3973","volume":"33","author":"D Emin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Emin,D. Self-trapping in quasi-one-dimensional solids. Phys. Rev. B 33, 3973\u20133975 (1986).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BF44359_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15437","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.15437","volume":"47","author":"JA Blackman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blackman,J. A. & Sabra,M. K. Interchain coupling and optical absorption in degenerate and nondegenerate polymers. Phys. Rev. B 47, 15437\u201315448 (1993).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BF44359_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1063\/1.120529","volume":"71","author":"H Sirringhaus","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sirringhaus,H. et al. Bis(dithienothiophene) organic field-effect transistors with a high ON\/OFF ratio. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 3871\u20133873 (1997).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/44359.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/44359","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/44359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/44359.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1684370856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/44359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6754","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BF44359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/44359","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}