{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T09:40:27Z","timestamp":1775900427376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/73780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:48:26Z","timestamp":1027673306000},"page":"321-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":985,"title":["In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Angelique Y.","family":"Louie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martina M.","family":"H\u00fcber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric T.","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Rothb\u00e4cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rex","family":"Moats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Russell E.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR1","volume-title":"Gene activity in early development","author":"EH Davidson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Davidson, E.H. Gene activity in early development, Edn. 3 (Academic Press, New York, NY; 1986)."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR2","volume-title":"Cells embryos and evolution.","author":"J Gerhart","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gerhart, J. & Kirschner, M. Cells embryos and evolution. (Blackwell, New York, NY; 1997)."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR3","volume-title":"The cell in development and inheritance","author":"EB Wilson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wilson, E.B. The cell in development and inheritance (Macmillan, New York, NY; 1986)."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5347.84","volume":"279","author":"G Zlokarnik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zlokarnik, G. et al. Quantitation of transcription and clonal selection of single living cells with beta-lactamase as reporter. Science 279, 84\u201388 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9648","volume":"95","author":"L Nunez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nunez, L., Faught, W.J. & Frawley, L.S. Episodic gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression revealed by dynamic monitoring of luciferase reporter activity in single, living neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 9648\u20139653 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.22.4649","volume":"124","author":"MI Arnone","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arnone, M.I. et al. Green fluorescent protein in the sea urchin: new experimental approaches to transcriptional regulatory analysis in embryos and larvae. Development 124, 4649\u20134659 (1997).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00483-9","volume":"6","author":"W Chiu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chiu, W. et al. Engineered GFP as a vital reporter in plants. Curr. Biol. 6, 325\u2013330 ( 1996).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.1265","volume":"171","author":"A Amsterdam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amsterdam, A., Lin, S. & Hopkins, N. The Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein can be used as a reporter in live zebrafish embryos. Dev. Biol. 171, 123\u2013129 ( 1995).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)89090-3","volume":"11","author":"D Prasher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prasher, D. Using GFP to see the light. TIG 11, 320\u2013 323 (1995).","journal-title":"TIG"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8303295","volume":"263","author":"M Chalfie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. & Prasher, D. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263, 802\u2013805 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR11","first-page":"6126","volume":"55","author":"JG Tjuvajev","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tjuvajev, J.G. et al. Imaging the expression of transfected genes in vivo. Cancer Res. 55, 6126\u20136132 (1995).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR12","first-page":"4087","volume":"56","author":"JG Tjuvajev","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tjuvajev, J.G. et al. Noninvasive imaging of herpes virus thymidine kinase gene transfer and expression:a potential method for monitoring clinical gene therapy. Cancer Res. 56, 4087\u20134095 (1996).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2333","volume":"96","author":"SS Gambhir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gambhir, S.S. et al. Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2333\u20132338 ( 1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1021\/ja983702l","volume":"121","author":"WH Li","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li, W.H., Fraser, S.E. & Meade, T.J. A calcium-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 1413\u2013 1414 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330608","volume":"33","author":"RW Bowtell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bowtell, R.W. et al. NMR microscopy of single neurons using spin-echo and line-narrowed 2DFT imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 33, 790\u2013 794 (1995).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1995.1113","volume":"108","author":"CT Rofe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rofe, C.T., Vannoort, J., Back, P.J. & Callaghan, P.T. NMR microscopy using large, pulsed magnetic-field gradients. J. Magn. Reson. B. 108, 125\u2013136 ( 1995).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. B."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320208","volume":"32","author":"AF Mellin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mellin, A.F. et al. 3-Dimensional magnetic-resonance microangiography of rat neurovasculature. Mag. Reson. Med. 32, 199\u2013 205 (1994).","journal-title":"Mag. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363100","volume":"13","author":"ZP Liang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liang, Z.P. & Lauterbur, P.C. An efficient method for dynamic magnetic-resonance imaging. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 13, 677\u2013686 (1994).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7508143","volume":"263","author":"RE Jacobs","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jacobs, R.E. & Fraser, S.E. Magnetic resonance microscopy of embryonic-cell lineages and movements. Science 263, 681\u2013684 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1021\/bc970153k","volume":"9","author":"MM Hueber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hueber, M.M. et al. Fluorescently detectable magnetic resonance imaging agents. Bioconjug. Chem. 9, 242\u2013 249 (1998).","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910390213","volume":"39","author":"MY Su","year":"1998","unstructured":"Su, M.Y., Muhler, A., Lao, X.Y. & Nalcioglu, O. Tumor characterization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using MR contrast agents of various molecular weights. Mag. Res. Med. 39, 259\u2013 269 (1998).","journal-title":"Mag. Res. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/A827019Z","volume":"27","author":"S Aime","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aime, S., Botta, M., Fasano, M. & Terreno, E. Lanthanide(III) chelates for NMR biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 27, 19\u201329 (1998).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910350623","volume":"35","author":"R Shukla","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shukla, R. et al. Design of conformationally rigid dimeric MRI agents. Mag. Res. Med. 35, 928\u2013931 (1996).","journal-title":"Mag. Res. Med."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR24","volume-title":"NMR of paramagnetic molecules in biological systems","author":"I Bertini","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bertini, I. & Luchinat, C. NMR of paramagnetic molecules in biological systems (eds Gray, H.B. & Lever, A.B.P.) (Benjamin\/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA; 1986)."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR25","first-page":"239","volume":"1402","author":"A Moore","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moore, A., Basilion, J.P., Chiocca, E.A. & Weissleder, R. Measuring transferrin receptor gene expression by NMR imaging. BBA 1402, 239\u2013249 ( 1998).","journal-title":"BBA"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.204.2.9240530","volume":"204","author":"R Weissleder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weissleder, R. et al. MR imaging and scintigraphy of gene expression through melanin induction. Radiology 204, 425\u2013 429 (1997).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moats, R.A., Fraser, S.E. & Meade, T.J. A \u201csmart\u201d magnetic resonance imaging agent that reports on specific enzyme activity. Angew. Chem. Intl. Edn. Engl. 726\u2013728 (1997).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199707261"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8443","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8443","volume":"95","author":"ET Ahrens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ahrens, E.T., Rothbacher, U., Jacobs, R.E. & Fraser, S.E. A model for MRI contrast enhancement using T1 agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8443\u20138448 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00052a040","volume":"31","author":"X Zhang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. pH dependence of relaxivities and hydration numbers of gadolinium(III) complexes of macrocyclic amino carboxylates. Inorg. Chem 31, 5597\u20135600 (1992).","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00496a010","volume":"101","author":"WD Horrocks","year":"1979","unstructured":"Horrocks, W.D. & Sudnick, D.R. Lanthanide ion probes of structure in biology. Laser-induced luminescence decay constants provide a direct measure of the number of metal-coordinated water molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 334\u2013 340 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.105.1.9","volume":"105","author":"R Wetts","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wetts, R. & Fraser, S.E. Slow intermixing of cells during Xenopus embryogenesis contributes to the consistency of the blastomere fate map. Development 105, 9\u2013 15 (1989).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3173","volume":"122","author":"KL Kroll","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kroll, K.L. & Amaya, E. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development 122, 3173\u2013 3183 (1996).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-5521(95)90126-4","volume":"2","author":"JF Kayyem","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kayyem, J.F., Kumar, R.M., Fraser, S.E. & Meade, T.J. Receptor-targeted co-transport of DNA and magnetic resonance contrast agents. Chem. Biol. 2, 615\u2013620 (1995).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(97)01150-5","volume":"16","author":"A Bogdanov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bogdanov, A. & Weissleder, R. The development of in vivo imaging systems to study gene expression. Trends Biotech. 16, 5\u201310 (1998 ).","journal-title":"Trends Biotech."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1021\/bc980125h","volume":"10","author":"L Josephson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Josephson, L., Tung, C., Moore, A. & Weissleder, R. High-efficiency intracellular magnetic labeling with novel superparamagnetic-tat peptide conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 10, 186\u2013 191 (1999).","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"BFnbt0300_321_CR36","volume-title":"Methods in Cell Biology","author":"BK Kay","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kay, B.K., Peng, H.B., Methods in Cell Biology Vol. 6 (Academic Press, NY, 1991)."}],"container-title":["Nature Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0300_321.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0300_321","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0300_321.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T19:31:27Z","timestamp":1684438287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0300_321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnbt0300_321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/73780","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0156","1546-1696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0156","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1696","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}}}