{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:47:59Z","timestamp":1780354079523,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/9843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:48:26Z","timestamp":1027673306000},"page":"541-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Can biotechnology move us toward a sustainable society?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tillman U.","family":"Gerngross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5408.1625","volume":"283","author":"J Alper","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alper, J. Science 283, 1625\u20131626 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1187","volume":"245","author":"R Pool","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pool, R. Science 245, 1187\u20131189 (1989).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR3","first-page":"38","volume":"26","author":"SF Williams","year":"1996","unstructured":"Williams, S.F. & Peoples, O.P. Chemtech 26, 38\u201344 (1996).","journal-title":"Chemtech"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0197-17b","volume":"15","author":"S-Y Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee, S-Y . Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 17\u201318 (1997).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.251.4993.504","volume":"251","author":"MB Hocking","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hocking, M.B. Science 251, 504\u2013505 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02394812","volume":"15","author":"MB Hocking","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hocking, M.B. Environ. Management 15, 731\u2013747 (1991).","journal-title":"Environ. Management"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR7","unstructured":"Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, \n                    http:\/\/www.eia.doe.gov\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR8","unstructured":"While all the carbon dioxide that is emitted during the fermentation is indeed of plant origin and therefore should not be viewed as a net greenhouse gas contribution, this is not the case for the 2.39 kg of fossil fuels that have to be combusted to provide process energy."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR9","volume-title":"Energy analysis and agriculture, an application to U.S. corn production","author":"V Smil","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smil, V., Nachman, P. & Long, T.V.I. Energy analysis and agriculture, an application to U.S. corn production (Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, CO; 1983)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR10","volume-title":"New directions for agriculture and agricultural research","author":"D Pimentel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pimentel, D. & Pimentel, S. New directions for agriculture and agricultural research (ed. Dahlberg, K.A.) (Rowman and Allanheld, Totawa, NJ; 1986)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR11","volume-title":"Estimating the net energy balance of corn ethanol.","author":"H Shapouri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shapouri, H., Duffield, J.A. & Graboski, M.S. Estimating the net energy balance of corn ethanol. Agricultural Economic Rep. No. 721 (USDA, Washington, DC; 1995)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR12","unstructured":"Fossil fuels used in U.S. farming are 10% coal, 49% natural gas, and 40% petroleum."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR13","unstructured":"US Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy, Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991. (Office of Energy, Markets and End Use, Washington DC; 1994)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(97)00176-6","volume":"59","author":"S-Y Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y. & Choi, J.I. Polymer Degrad. Stability 59, 387\u2013393 (1998).","journal-title":"Polymer Degrad. Stability"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1205\/026387698524848","volume":"Part A 76","author":"RJ van Wegen","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Wegen, R.J., Ling, Y. & Middelberg, A.P.J. Trans. I ChemE, Part A 76, 417\u2013426 (1998).","journal-title":"Trans. I ChemE"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S-Y. Trends Biotechnol. 14, 431\u2013438 (1996).","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7799(96)10061-5"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v067n035.p060","volume":"67","author":"KM Reese","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reese, K.M. Chem. Eng. News 67, 60 (1989).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. News"},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR18","unstructured":"Byrom D. 08\/09\/93 US Patent 5,364,778."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR19","unstructured":"Source: USDA\u2014Economic Research Service."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR20","unstructured":"The census of manufacturing data for energy consumption is based on calendar years, whereas corn processing data is based on the harvesting cycle starting with September 1 of a given year. The data correlated are for the calendar year 1991 and the harvesting cycle starting September 1, 1990 and ending August, 31, 1991."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR21","volume-title":"Handbook of chemical technology and pollution control","author":"MB Hocking","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hocking, M.B. Handbook of chemical technology and pollution control (Academic Press, San Diego; 1993)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR22","volume-title":"A guide to chemical engineering. Process design and economics.","author":"GD Ulrich","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ulrich, G.D. A guide to chemical engineering. Process design and economics. (John Wiley & Sons, New York; 1984)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR23","volume-title":"Biochemical engineering and biotechnology handbook","author":"B Atkinson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Atkinson, B. & Mavituna, F. Biochemical engineering and biotechnology handbook, 2nd edn. (Stockton Press, New York; 1991)."},{"key":"BFnbt0699_541_CR24","volume-title":"Bioprocess engineering.","author":"M Charles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charles, M. & Wilson, J. Bioprocess engineering. (eds Lydersen, B.J., D'Elia, N.A. & Nelson, K.L.) (John Wiley & Sons, New York; 1994)."}],"container-title":["Nature Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0699_541.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0699_541","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0699_541.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:01:18Z","timestamp":1684440078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nbt0699_541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnbt0699_541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/9843","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0156","1546-1696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0156","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1696","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}