{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:58:30Z","timestamp":1761058710004},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1977,2,1]],"date-time":"1977-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":223603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14188,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Kidney International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,20]],"date-time":"2007-06-20T12:19:08Z","timestamp":1182341948000},"page":"116-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: I. Urea metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"William E.","family":"Mitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Walser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103940","article-title":"Urea metabolism in man","volume":"38","author":"Walser","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0015","first-page":"197","article-title":"The chemical composition of faeces in uremia as revealed by in vivo faecal dialysis","volume":"35","author":"Wilson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0020","first-page":"231","article-title":"Use of exogenous and endogenous urea for protein synthesis in normal and uremic subjects","volume":"62","author":"Giordano","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196612000-00003","article-title":"Essential L-amino acid administration in uremia","volume":"252","author":"Schloerb","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)92588-3","article-title":"Utilisation of ammonia nitrogen for protein synthesis in man, and the effect of protein restriction and uraemia","volume":"2","author":"Richards","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.5.394","article-title":"Incorporation of urea 15N in amino acids of patients with chronic renal failure on low nitrogen diets","volume":"21","author":"Giordano","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197403212901206","article-title":"Use of amino acid precursors in nitrogen-accumulation diseases","volume":"290","author":"Close","year":"1974","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92304-X","article-title":"Synthesis of phenylalanine and valine by healthy and uraemic men","volume":"2","author":"Richards","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106488","article-title":"Capacity of human subjects to utilize keto analogues of valine and phenylalanine","volume":"50","author":"Rudman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/101.9.1165","article-title":"Maintenance of nitrogen balance in a young woman by substitution of \u03b1-ketoisovaleric acid for valine","volume":"101","author":"Gallina","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90573-9","article-title":"Utilisation of ketoacid analogues of valine and phenylalanine in health and uraemia","volume":"1","author":"Giordano","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107229","article-title":"The effect of keto-analogues of essential amino acids in severe chronic uremia","volume":"52","author":"Walser","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0070","first-page":"181","article-title":"Use of ketoacids in uremia","volume":"3","author":"Walser","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0075","first-page":"181","article-title":"Urea Metabolism in Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"3","author":"Robson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107687","article-title":"Urea metabolism in chronic renal failure","volume":"53","author":"Walser","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0085","first-page":"379","article-title":"Efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis by chronically uraemic and normal man","volume":"48","author":"Varcoe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65963-0","article-title":"The amino acid requirements of man: XVI. The role of nitrogen intake","volume":"217","author":"Rose","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.4.4.497","article-title":"Enzymatic acetylation as a means of determining serum aminoglycoside concentrations","volume":"4","author":"Haas","year":"1973","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1975.98","article-title":"Measurement of residual glomerular filtration rate in the patient receiving repetitive hemodialysis","volume":"8","author":"Milutinovic","year":"1975","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-84-20662","article-title":"Breakdown of urea in the rat","volume":"84","author":"Chao","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.215.5.1260","article-title":"Amino acid movements between gut, liver and periphery in unanesthetized dogs","volume":"215","author":"Elwyn","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106552","article-title":"Muscle and splanchnic glutamine and glutamate metabolism in post-absorptive and starving man","volume":"50","author":"Marliss","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.438","article-title":"Net metabolism of plasma amino acids by liver and portal-drained viscera of fed sheep","volume":"223","author":"Wolff","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.22.8.573","article-title":"Glutamine and glutamate metabolism in normal and diabetic subjects","volume":"22","author":"Felig","year":"1973","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42329-6","article-title":"Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine","volume":"249","author":"Windmueller","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0135","first-page":"169","article-title":"Ammonia production in germ-free Eck fistula dogs","volume":"70","author":"Nance","year":"1971","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0140","series-title":"Germfree Research","article-title":"The role of urea in the hyperammonemia of Eck fistula dogs","author":"Nance","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0145","first-page":"173","article-title":"Intestinal absorption and metabolism of alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate","volume":"24","author":"Weber","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0430101","article-title":"The interrelationships of faecal ammonia, pH and bicarbonate: evidence of colonic absorption by non-ionic diffusion","volume":"43","author":"Down","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.123.2.251","article-title":"The role of the microbial flora in uremia: II. Uremic colitis, cardiovascular lesions, and biochemical observations","volume":"123","author":"Carter","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0160","first-page":"211","article-title":"In vivo dialysis of faeces as a method of stool analysis: III. The effect of intestinal antibiotics","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69867-9","article-title":"The metabolism of carbon-labeled urea in the germfree rat","volume":"234","author":"Levenson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0170","first-page":"100","article-title":"A low-nitrogen diet with proteins of high biological value for severe chronic uraemia","volume":"1","author":"Giovanetti","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.6.615","article-title":"Nutritional potential of nitrogen recycling in man","volume":"25","author":"Richards","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000175532","article-title":"Amino acid substituted diets in the management of chronic renal failure","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0185","series-title":"Proc Conf on Adequacy of Dialysis","article-title":"Urea metabolism","author":"Walser","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0190","first-page":"166","article-title":"Nitrogen recycling in uremia: a reappraisal","volume":"3","author":"Richards","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/78.1.57","article-title":"\u201cUnessential\u201d nitrogen: a limiting factor for human growth","volume":"78","author":"Snyderman","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(70)90060-0","article-title":"Utilization of exogenous urea nitrogen in malnourished adults","volume":"19","author":"Tripathy","year":"1970","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)88533-7","article-title":"Studies on the metabolism of ammonium salts: III. The utilization of ammonium salts with a non-nitrogenous diet","volume":"15","author":"Underhill","year":"1913","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)73716-2","article-title":"Studies in protein metabolism: IX. The utilization of ammonia by normal rats on a stock diet","volume":"128","author":"Rittenberg","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)73844-1","article-title":"Studies in protein metabolism: V. The utilization of ammonia for amino acid and creatine formation in animals","volume":"127","author":"Foster","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56691-6","article-title":"The rate of utilization of ammonia for protein synthesis","volume":"180","author":"Sprinson","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56869-1","article-title":"The net utilization of ammonium nitrogen by the growing rat","volume":"179","author":"Lardy","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56650-3","article-title":"The utilization of the nitrogen in ammonium salts, urea, and certain other compounds in vivo","volume":"181","author":"Rose","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(64)90130-1","article-title":"Nitrogen balances for young adult males fed two sources of total nitrogen intake","volume":"13","author":"Watts","year":"1964","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/89.1.9","article-title":"Minimum dietary essential amino acid-to-total nitrogen ratio for whole egg protein fed to young men","volume":"89","author":"Scrimshaw","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/90.4.416","article-title":"Determination of the minimum dietary essential amino acid-to-total nitrogen ratio for beef protein fed to young men","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0250","series-title":"Proteins and Food Supplies in the Republic of South Africa","article-title":"Unpublished data cited by Kofranyi E","author":"Jekat","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1038\/ki.1977.16_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/101.8.1029","article-title":"Human utilization of urea nitrogen in low calorie diets","volume":"101","author":"Gallina","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Kidney International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815317087?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0085253815317087?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1634800508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0085253815317087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0085253815317087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.1977.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0085-2538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0085-2538","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,2]]}}}