{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T17:25:13Z","timestamp":1775496313254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7086","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature04655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,13]],"date-time":"2006-04-13T08:37:36Z","timestamp":1144917456000},"page":"930-934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Independent evolution of bitter-taste sensitivity in humans and chimpanzees"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"440","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Wooding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Bufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Meyerhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Bamshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnature04655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/144750a0","volume":"144","author":"RA Fisher","year":"1939","unstructured":"Fisher, R. A., Ford, E. B. & Huxley, J. Taste-testing the anthropoid apes. Nature 144, 750 (1939)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080190","volume":"299","author":"UK Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim, U. K. et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299, 1221\u20131225 (2003)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-0911-y","volume":"112","author":"D Drayna","year":"2003","unstructured":"Drayna, D. et al. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Hum. Genet. 112, 567\u2013572 (2003)","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.01.047","volume":"15","author":"B Bufe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bufe, B. et al. The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception. Curr. Biol. 15, 322\u2013327 (2005)","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10235","volume":"56","author":"N Meunier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meunier, N., Marion-Poll, F., Rospars, J. P. & Tanimura, T. Peripheral coding of bitter taste in Drosophila. J. Neurobiol. 56, 139\u2013152 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600107","volume":"23","author":"MA Hilliard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hilliard, M. A., Bergamasco, C., Arbucci, S., Plasterk, R. H. & Bazzicalupo, P. Worms taste bitter: ASH neurons, QUI-1, GPA-3 and ODR-3 mediate quinine avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J. 23, 1101\u20131111 (2004)","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80658-3","volume":"96","author":"MA Hoon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoon, M. A. et al. Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. Cell 96, 541\u2013551 (1999)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90369-7","volume":"56","author":"JI Glendinning","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glendinning, J. I. Is the bitter rejection response always adaptive? Physiol. Behav. 56, 1217\u20131227 (1994)","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.3.506","volume":"62","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Drewnowski, A. & Rock, C. L. The influence of genetic taste markers on food acceptance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 506\u2013511 (1995)","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/2021366a0","volume":"202","author":"AR Kaplan","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kaplan, A. R., Glanville, E. V. & Fischer, R. Taste thresholds for bitterness and cigarette smoking. Nature 202, 1366 (1964)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00117-9","volume":"26","author":"MA Enoch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Enoch, M. A., Harris, C. R. & Goldman, D. Does a reduced sensitivity to bitter taste increase the risk of becoming nicotine addicted? Addict. Behav. 26, 399\u2013404 (2001)","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00060.2003","volume":"14","author":"C Conte","year":"2003","unstructured":"Conte, C., Ebeling, M., Marcuz, A., Nef, P. & Andres-Barquin, P. J. Evolutionary relationships of the Tas2r receptor gene families in mouse and human. Physiol. Genomics 14, 73\u201382 (2003)","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404894101","volume":"101","author":"CM Parry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parry, C. M., Erkner, A. & le Coutre, J. Divergence of T2R chemosensory receptor families in humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 14830\u201314834 (2004)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20203","volume":"26","author":"U Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim, U., Wooding, S., Ricci, D., Jorde, L. B. & Drayna, D. Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum. Mutat. 26, 199\u2013204 (2005)","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80705-9","volume":"100","author":"E Adler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adler, E. et al. A novel family of mammalian taste receptors. Cell 100, 693\u2013702 (2000)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80706-0","volume":"100","author":"J Chandrashekar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chandrashekar, J. et al. T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors. Cell 100, 703\u2013711 (2000)","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1086\/383092","volume":"74","author":"S Wooding","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wooding, S. et al. Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter-taste receptor gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74, 637\u2013646 (2004)","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.042","volume":"15","author":"N Soranzo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soranzo, N. et al. Positive selection on a high-sensitivity allele of the human bitter-taste receptor TAS2R16. Curr. Biol. 15, 1257\u20131265 (2005)","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh289","volume":"13","author":"X Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, X., Thomas, S. D. & Zhang, J. Relaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, 2671\u20132678 (2004)","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh083","volume":"21","author":"A Fischer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischer, A., Wiebe, V., Paabo, S. & Przeworski, M. Evidence for a complex demographic history of chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 799\u2013808 (2004)","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1086\/378132","volume":"73","author":"Y Gilad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilad, Y., Bustamante, C. D., Lancet, D. & Paabo, S. Natural selection on the olfactory receptor gene family in humans and chimpanzees. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73, 489\u2013501 (2003)","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/164.4.1511","volume":"164","author":"N Yu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yu, N. et al. Low nucleotide diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Genetics 164, 1511\u20131518 (2003)","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(02)00165-3","volume":"124","author":"JA Schneider","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schneider, J. A. et al. DNA variability of human genes. Mech. Ageing Dev. 124, 17\u201325 (2003)","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1014","volume":"32","author":"B Bufe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bufe, B., Hofmann, T., Krautwurst, D., Raguse, J. D. & Meyerhof, W. The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to \u03b2-glucopyranosides. Nature Genet. 32, 397\u2013401 (2002)","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-19-07376.2003","volume":"23","author":"T Ueda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ueda, T., Ugawa, S., Yamamura, H., Imaizumi, Y. & Shimada, S. Functional interaction between T2R taste receptors and G-protein \u03b1 subunits expressed in taste receptor cells. J. Neurosci. 23, 7376\u20137380 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/319501","volume":"68","author":"M Stephens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stephens, M., Smith, N. J. & Donnelly, P. A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 978\u2013989 (2001)","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","volume":"123","author":"F Tajima","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tajima, F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123, 585\u2013595 (1989)","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5077","volume":"96","author":"P Gagneux","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gagneux, P. et al. Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5077\u20135082 (1999)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025841","volume":"14","author":"TL Goldberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goldberg, T. L. & Ruvolo, M. The geographic apportionment of mitochondrial genetic diversity in east African chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 976\u2013984 (1997)","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"BFnature04655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/84773","volume":"27","author":"H Kaessmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaessmann, H., Wiebe, V., Weiss, G. & Paabo, S. Great ape DNA sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans. Nature Genet. 27, 155\u2013156 (2001)","journal-title":"Nature Genet."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature04655.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature04655","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature04655.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T13:54:20Z","timestamp":1684418060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature04655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7086","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature04655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04655","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1009282.373833","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}}}