{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T07:56:47Z","timestamp":1774339007615,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7431","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]],"date-time":"2012-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature11710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T16:08:30Z","timestamp":1356106110000},"page":"200-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":305,"title":["Topological colloids"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"493","author":[{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Senyuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qingkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sailing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Randall D.","family":"Kamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Kusner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tom C.","family":"Lubensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivan I.","family":"Smalyukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature11710_CR1","volume-title":"Foundations of Colloid Science","author":"RJ Hunter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hunter, R. J. Foundations of Colloid Science (Oxford Univ. Press, 2001)"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112399","volume":"309","author":"AM Alsayed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alsayed, A. M., Islam, M. F., Zhang, J., Collings, P. J. & Yodh, A. G. Premelting at defects within bulk colloidal crystals. Science 309, 1207\u20131210 (2005)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209845","volume":"334","author":"OE Semonin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Semonin, O. E. et al. Peak external photocurrent quantum efficiency exceeding 100% via MEG in a quantum dot solar cell. Science 334, 1530\u20131533 (2011)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3581","volume":"92","author":"NV Hud","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hud, N. V., Downing, K. H. & Balhord, R. A constant radius of curvature model for the organization of DNA in toroidal condensates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3581\u20133585 (1995)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5224.666","volume":"269","author":"X Michalet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Michalet, X. & Bensimon, D. Observation of stable shapes and conformal diffusion in genus 2 vesicles. Science 269, 666\u2013668 (1995)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/10586458.1992.10504258","volume":"1","author":"L Hsu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hsu, L., Kusner, R. & Sullivan, J. Minimizing the squared mean curvature integral for surfaces in space forms. Exp. Math. 1, 191\u2013207 (1992)","journal-title":"Exp. Math."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.953","volume":"74","author":"RD Kamien","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kamien, R. D. The geometry of soft materials: a primer. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 953\u2013971 (2002)","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR8","first-page":"1237","volume":"64","author":"OD Lavrentovich","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lavrentovich, O. D. & Terentjev, E. M. Phase transition altering the symmetry of topological point defects (hedgehogs) in a nematic liquid crystal. Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1237\u20131244 (1986)","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. JETP"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205705","volume":"33","author":"U Tkale\u010d","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tkale\u010d, U., Ravnik, M., \u010copar, S., \u017dumer, S. & Mu\u0161evi\u010d, I. Reconfigurable knots and links in chiral nematic colloids. Science 33, 62\u201365 (2011)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1080\/14786430600593016","volume":"86","author":"M Kleman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleman, M. & Lavrentovich, O. D. Topological point defects in nematic liquid crystals. Phil. Mag. 86, 4117\u20134137 (2006)","journal-title":"Phil. Mag."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR11","volume-title":"Curves and Surfaces","author":"S Montiel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montiel, S. & Ros, A. Curves and Surfaces 2nd edn (American Mathematical Society, 2009)"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR12","volume-title":"Topology from the Differentiable Viewpoint","author":"JW Milnor","year":"1965","unstructured":"Milnor, J. W. Topology from the Differentiable Viewpoint (Univ. Press of Virginia, 1965)"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01209164","volume":"96","author":"H Hopf","year":"1927","unstructured":"Hopf, H. Vektorfelder in n-dimensionalen Mannigfaltigkeiten. Math. Ann. 96, 225\u2013249 (1927)","journal-title":"Math. Ann."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2982","volume":"10","author":"T Araki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Araki, T., Buscaglia, M., Bellini, T. & Tanaka, H. Memory and topological frustration in nematic liquid crystals confined in porous materials. Nature Mater. 10, 303\u2013309 (2011)","journal-title":"Nature Mater."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1770","volume":"275","author":"P Poulin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Poulin, P., Holger, S., Lubensky, T. C. & Weitz, D. A. Novel colloidal interactions in anisotropic fluids. Science 275, 1770\u20131773 (1997)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09620","volume":"468","author":"WTM Irvine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irvine, W. T. M., Vitelli, V. & Chaikin, P. M. Pleats in crystal on curved surfaces. Nature 468, 947\u2013951 (2010)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2870","volume":"9","author":"MR Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones, M. R. et al. DNA-nanoparticle superlattices formed from anisotropic building blocks. Nature Mater. 9, 913\u2013917 (2010)","journal-title":"Nature Mater."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176587","volume":"326","author":"CP Lapointe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lapointe, C. P., Mason, T. G. & Smalyukh, I. I. Shape-controlled colloidal interactions in nematic liquid crystals. Science 326, 1083\u20131086 (2009)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08906","volume":"464","author":"S Sacanna","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sacanna, S., Irvine, W. T. M., Chaikin, P. M. & Pine, D. J. Lock and key colloids. Nature 464, 575\u2013578 (2010)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209997","volume":"334","author":"TA Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood, T. A., Lintuvuori, J. S., Schofield, A. B., Marenduzzo, D. & Poon, W. C. K. A self-quenched defect glass in a colloid\u2013nematic liquid crystal composite. Science 334, 79\u201383 (2011)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.4862","volume":"79","author":"P Poulin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Poulin, P., Cabuil, V. & Weitz, D. A. Direct measurement of colloidal forces in an anisotropic solvent. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4862\u20134865 (1997)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.127801","volume":"103","author":"U Tkalec","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tkalec, U., Ravnik, M., \u017dumer, S. & Mu\u0161evi\u010d, I. Vortexlike topological defects in nematic colloids: chiral colloidal dimers and 2D crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 127801 (2009)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119118109","volume":"109","author":"RP Trivedi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trivedi, R. P., Klevets, I. I., Senyuk, B., Lee, T. & Smalyukh, I. I. Multi-scale interactions and three-dimensional patterning of colloidal particles and defects in lamellar soft media. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 4744\u20134749 (2012)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0505425","volume":"106","author":"R Herges","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herges, R. Topology in chemistry: designing M\u00f6bius molecules. Chem. Rev. 106, 4820\u20134842 (2006)","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2007.03.019","volume":"11","author":"R Mosseri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mosseri, R. Geometrical frustration and defects in condensed matter systems. C. R. Chim. 11, 192\u2013197 (2008)","journal-title":"C. R. Chim."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1126\/science.263.5149.943","volume":"263","author":"MJ Bowick","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bowick, M. J., Chandar, L., Schiff, E. A. & Srivastava, A. M. The cosmological Kibble mechanism in the laboratory: string formation in liquid crystals. Science 263, 943\u2013945 (1994)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1130146","volume":"314","author":"Y Han","year":"2006","unstructured":"Han, Y. et al. Brownian motion of an ellipsoid. Science 314, 626\u2013630 (2006)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2011.01.006","volume":"16","author":"MJ Solomon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Solomon, M. J. Directions for targeted self-assembly of anisotropic colloids from statistical thermodynamics. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 16, 158\u2013167 (2011)","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13086","DOI":"10.1021\/la903890h","volume":"26","author":"TJ Merkel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merkel, T. J. et al. Scalable, shape-specific, top-down fabrication methods for the synthesis of engineered colloidal particles. Langmuir 26, 13086\u201313096 (2010)","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003447","volume":"35","author":"T Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, T., Trivedi, R. P. & Smalyukh, I. I. Multimodal nonlinear optical polarizing microscopy of long-range molecular order in liquid crystals. Opt. Lett. 35, 3447\u20133449 (2010)","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR31","first-page":"1834","volume":"59","author":"D Pettey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pettey, D. & Lubensky, T. C. Stability of texture and shape of circular domains of Langmuir monolayers. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics 59, 1834\u20131845 (1999)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics"},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.84.497","volume":"84","author":"GP Alexander","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alexander, G. P., Chen, B. G., Matsumoto, E. A. & Kamien, R. D. Colloquium: Disclination loops, point defects, and all that in nematic liquid crystals. Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 497\u2013514 (2012)","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature11710_CR33","volume-title":"Principles of Condensed Matter Physics","author":"PM Chaikin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chaikin, P. M. & Lubensky, T. C. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000)"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature11710.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature11710","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature11710.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T18:07:01Z","timestamp":1684433221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature11710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7431","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature11710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11710","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,23]]}}}