{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:16:14Z","timestamp":1777029374681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7497","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature13174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T13:27:59Z","timestamp":1398173279000},"page":"508-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"508","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Hasenclever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Theissen-Krah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lars H.","family":"R\u00fcpke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colin W.","family":"Devey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature13174_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB02222","volume":"99","author":"CA Stein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stein, C. A. & Stein, S. Constraints on hydrothermal heat flux through the oceanic lithosphere from global heat flow. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 3081\u20133095 (1994)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(96)00097-0","volume":"142","author":"E Baker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baker, E., Chen, Y. & Phipps Morgan, J. The relationship between near-axis hydrothermal cooling and the spreading rate of mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 137\u2013145 (1996)","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9208-6","volume-title":"Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks","author":"BBS Singhal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singhal, B. B. S. & Gupta, R. P. Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks (Kluwer Academic, 1999)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159582","volume":"321","author":"D Coumou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coumou, D., Driesner, T. & Heinrich, C. A. The structure and dynamics of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Science 321, 1825\u20131828 (2008)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06424","volume":"451","author":"M Tolstoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tolstoy, M., Waldhauser, F., Bohnenstiehl, D. R., Weekly, R. T. & Kim, W. Y. Seismic identification of along-axis hydrothermal flow on the East Pacific Rise. Nature 451, 181\u2013184 (2008)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.88.8.1977","volume":"88","author":"LM Cathles","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cathles, L. M. A capless 350\u2009\u00b0C flow zone model to explain megaplumes, salinity variations, and high-temperature veins in ridge axis hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol. 88, 1977\u20131988 (1993)","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB002094","volume":"108","author":"A Nicolas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nicolas, A., Mainprice, D. & Boudier, F. High-temperature seawater circulation throughout crust of oceanic ridges: a model derived from the Oman ophiolites. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B8), 2371, \n                    http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JB002094\n                    \n                   (2003)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL00734","volume":"20","author":"HP Johnson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson, H. P., Becker, K. & Von Herzen, R. Near-axis heat flow measurements on the northern Juan De Fuca Ridge: implications for fluid circulation in oceanic crust. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1875\u20131878 (1993)","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/326035a0","volume":"326","author":"RS Detrick","year":"1987","unstructured":"Detrick, R. S. et al. Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise. Nature 326, 35\u201341 (1987)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23537","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900210","volume":"105","author":"RA Dunn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dunn, R. A., Toomey, D. R. & Solomon, S. C. Three-dimensional seismic structure and physical properties of the crust and shallow mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9\u00b0 30'N. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 23537\u201323555 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2007.11.034","volume":"267","author":"JA VanTongeren","year":"2008","unstructured":"VanTongeren, J. A., Kelemen, P. B. & Hangh\u00f8j, K. Cooling rates in the lower crust of the Oman ophiolite: Ca in olivine, revisited. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 267, 69\u201382 (2008)","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-010-0292-9","volume":"46","author":"LM Cathles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cathles, L. M. What processes at mid-ocean ridges tell us about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Mineral. Dep. 46, 639\u2013657 (2011)","journal-title":"Mineral. Dep."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8616","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000215","volume":"4","author":"ASM Cherkaoui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cherkaoui, A. S. M., Wilcock, W. S. D., Dunn, R. A. & Toomey, D. R. A numerical model of hydrothermal cooling and crustal accretion at a fast spreading mid-ocean ridge. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4 8616 \n                    http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1029\/2001GC000215\n                    \n                   (2003)","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR14","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Dahlem Workshop Report: Energy and Mass Transfer in Marine Hydrothermal Systems","author":"AT Fisher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fisher, A. T. in Dahlem Workshop Report: Energy and Mass Transfer in Marine Hydrothermal Systems (eds Halbach, P. E., Tunnicliffe, V. & Hein, J. R. ) 29\u201352 (Dahlem Univ. Press, 2003)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/egh010","volume":"45","author":"D Bosch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bosch, D. et al. Deep and high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in the Oman ophiolite\u2014petrological and isotopic evidence. J. Petrol. 45, 1181\u20131208 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Petrol."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q05009","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GC002407","volume":"10","author":"FJ Fontaine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fontaine, F. J., Wilcock, W. S. D., Foustoukos, D. E. & Butterfield, D. A. A Si-Cl geothermobarometer for the reaction zone of high-temperature, basaltic-hosted mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, Q05009 (2009)","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR17","first-page":"B07104","volume":"114","author":"D Coumou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coumou, D., Driesner, T., Geiger, S. & Paluszny, A. High-resolution three-dimensional simulations of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. J. Geophys. Res. 114, B07104 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2011.09.018","volume":"311","author":"S Theissen-Krah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Theissen-Krah, S., Iyer, K., R\u00fcpke, L. H. & Morgan, J. P. Coupled mechanical and hydrothermal modeling of crustal accretion at intermediate to fast spreading ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 311, 275\u2013286 (2011)","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05468.x","volume":"39","author":"CRB Lister","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lister, C. R. B. On the penetration of water into hot rock. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 39, 465\u2013509 (1974)","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2747\/0020-6814.47.1.101","volume":"47","author":"F Boudier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boudier, F., Nicolas, A. & Mainprice, D. Does anisotropy of thermal contraction control hydrothermal circulation at the Moho level below fast spreading oceanic ridges? Int. Geol. Rev. 47, 101\u2013112 (2005)","journal-title":"Int. Geol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q09013","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GC003624","volume":"12","author":"RL Carlson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carlson, R. L. The effect of hydrothermal alteration on the seismic structure of the upper oceanic crust: evidence from Holes 504B and 1256D. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 12, Q09013 (2011)","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR22","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges","author":"G Hirth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hirth, G., Escartin, J. & Lin, J. in Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges (eds Buck, W. R., Delaney, P. T., Karson, J. A. & Lagabrielle, Y. ) 106, 291\u2013303 (American Geophysical Union, 1998)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13925","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB00886","volume":"98","author":"AJ Harding","year":"1993","unstructured":"Harding, A. J., Kent, G. M. & Orcutt, J. A. A multichannel seismic investigation of upper crustal structure at 9\u00b0N on the East Pacific Rise: implications for crustal accretion. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 13925\u201313944 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/35002552","volume":"403","author":"T Jupp","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jupp, T. & Schultz, A. A thermodynamic explanation for black smoker temperatures. Nature 403, 880\u2013883 (2000)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19621","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB01822","volume":"98","author":"P Nehlig","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nehlig, P. Interactions between magma chambers and hydrothermal systems: oceanic and ophiolitic constraints. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 19621\u201319633 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1029\/JB093iB05p04595","volume":"93","author":"DA Vanko","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vanko, D. A. Temperature, pressure, and composition of hydrothermal fluids, with their bearing on the magnitude of tectonic uplift at mid-ocean ridges, inferred from fluid inclusions in oceanic layer 3 rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 4595\u20134611 (1988)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR27","first-page":"111","volume":"100th Anniversa","author":"MD Hannington","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hannington, M. D., de Ronde, C. E. J. & Petersen, S. Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol. 100th Anniversary Volume, 111\u2013141 (2005)","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR28","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans","author":"MC Sinha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sinha, M. C. & Evans, R. L. in Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans (eds German, C., Lin, J. & Parson, L. ) 148, 19\u201362 (American Geophysical Union, 2004)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1130\/G32468.1","volume":"39","author":"M Hannington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S. & Beaulieu, S. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Geology 39, 1155\u20131158 (2011)","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2012.02","volume":"25","author":"D Fornari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fornari, D. et al. The East Pacific Rise between 9\u00b0N and 10\u00b0N: twenty-five years of integrated, multidisciplinary oceanic spreading center studies. Oceanography 25, 18\u201343 (2012)","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR31","unstructured":"Hasenclever, J. Modeling Mantle Flow and Melting Processes at Mid-Ocean Ridges and Subduction Zones \u2014 Development and Application of Numerical Models. PhD thesis, Hamburg Univ. (2010)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR32","unstructured":"Bauer, O. PROperties of Water and STeam (PROST) version 4.1, \n                    http:\/\/fluidos.etsii.upm.es\/faculty\/Jaime_Carpio\/Fumatas_negas\/PROST\n                    \n                   Properties of Water and Steam.htm"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q04030","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GC001719","volume":"9","author":"M Dabrowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dabrowski, M., Krotkiewski, M. & Schmid, D. W. MILAMIN: MATLAB-based finite element method solver for large problems. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q04030 (2008)","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR34","volume-title":"The Finite Element Method","author":"OC Zienkiewicz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zienkiewicz, O. C. & Taylor, R. L. The Finite Element Method (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/1462173.1462176","volume":"35","author":"TA Davis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davis, T. A. & Hager, W. W. Dynamic supernodes in sparse Cholesky update\/downdate and triangular solves. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 35 27 \n                    http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/1462173.1462176\n                    \n                   (2009)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1029\/92JB02650","volume":"98","author":"J Phipps Morgan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Phipps Morgan, J. & Chen, Y. J. The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 6283\u20136297 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14015","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB00698","volume":"98","author":"JE Quick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Quick, J. E. & Denlinger, R. P. Ductile deformation and the origin of layered gabbro in ophiolites. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 14015\u201314027 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7721(01)00047-5","volume":"22","author":"JR Shewchuk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shewchuk, J. R. Delaunay refinement algorithms for triangular mesh generation. Comput. Geom. Theor. Appl. 22, 21\u201374 (2002)","journal-title":"Comput. Geom. Theor. Appl."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR39","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Handbook of Porous Media","author":"E Magyari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Magyari, E., Rees, D. A. S. & Keller, B. in Handbook of Porous Media (ed. Vafai, K. ) 373\u2013406 (Taylor & Francis, 2005)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR40","volume-title":"Transport Phenomena","author":"RB Bird","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E. & Lightfoot, E. N. Transport Phenomena (Wiley, 2007)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q05002","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GC004041","volume":"13","author":"N Bani-Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bani-Hassan, N., Iyer, K., R\u00fcpke, L. H. & Borgia, A. Controls of bathymetric relief on hydrothermal fluid flow at mid-ocean ridges. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 13, Q05002 (2012)","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11203","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900414","volume":"105","author":"KL Von Damm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Von Damm, K. L. Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9\u00b0\u201310\u00b0 N, East Pacific Rise:\u2018time zero,\u2019 the immediate posteruptive period. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 11203\u201311222 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2138\/gsrmg.43.1.469","volume":"43","author":"WC Shanks","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shanks, W. C. Stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal systems: vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 43, 469\u2013525 (2001)","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR44","unstructured":"Von Damm, K. L. in Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans (eds German, C. R., Lin, J. & Parson, L. ). 148, 285\u2013304 (American Geophysical Union, 2004)"},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15899","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB00880","volume":"101","author":"JL Charlou","year":"1996","unstructured":"Charlou, J. L. et al. Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise, 17\u00b0 to 19\u00b0S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15899\u201315919 (1996)","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFnature13174_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)01081-6","volume":"206","author":"KL Von Damm","year":"2003","unstructured":"Von Damm, K. L. et al. Extraordinary phase separation and segregation in vent fluids from the southern East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 206, 365\u2013378 (2003)","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13174.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13174","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13174.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T18:20:13Z","timestamp":1684434013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7497","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature13174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13174","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2013","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}