{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:26:32Z","timestamp":1779402392781,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7644","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature21696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T17:07:57Z","timestamp":1488906477000},"page":"193-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Nomadic ecology shaped the highland geography of Asia\u2019s Silk Roads"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"543","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Frachetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Evan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Traub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature21696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Vaissi\u00e8re, \u00c9. Sogdian Traders: A History. (Brill, 2005)","DOI":"10.1163\/9789047406990"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR2","unstructured":"Hansen, V. The Silk Road: A New History. (Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR3","unstructured":"Foltz, R. C. Religions of the Silk Road. (St. Martin\u2019s Griffin, 1999)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/jwh.2000.0004","volume":"11","author":"D Christian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christian, D. Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History. J. World Hist. 11, 1\u201326 (2000)","journal-title":"J. World Hist."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR5","unstructured":"Whitfield, S. Life Along the Silk Road. (Univ. California Press, 1999)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. in Reconfiguring the Silk Road: New Research on East\u2013West Exchange in Antiquity (eds Mair, V. H. & Hickman, J. ) 41\u201354 (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2014)","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt7zw7mj.12"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR7","unstructured":"Williams, T. D. The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS thematic study. (ICOMOS, 2014)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR8","unstructured":"Ciolek, T. M. Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project. http:\/\/www.ciolek.com\/owtrad.html (2012)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR9","unstructured":"Barnard, H. & Wendrich, W. in Cotsen Advanced Seminar Series Vol. 4, 603 (Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles, 2008)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00002863","volume":"62","author":"DR Harris","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harris, D. R., Gosden, C. & Charles, M. P. Jeitun: Recent Excavations at an Early Neolithic Site in Southern Turkmenistan. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 62, 423\u2013442 (1996)","journal-title":"Proc. Prehist. Soc."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683616650268","volume":"26","author":"CJ Stevens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stevens, C. J. et al. Between China and South Asia: a Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age. The Holocene 26, 1541\u20131555 (2016)","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683616641742","volume":"26","author":"NF Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, N. F., Spengler, R. N. & Frachetti, M. Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate. The Holocene 26, 1566\u20131575 (2016)","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10963-015-9087-3","volume":"28","author":"RN Spengler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spengler, R. N. Agriculture in the central Asian Bronze Age. J. World Prehist. 28, 215\u2013253 (2015)","journal-title":"J. World Prehist."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR14","unstructured":"Khazanov, A. M. in Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations (eds Leder, S. & Streck, B. ) 163\u2013178 (Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2005)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1086\/663692","volume":"53","author":"MD Frachetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. D. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Curr. Anthropol. 53, 2\u201338 (2012)","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ara.2015.01.001","volume":"1\u20132","author":"PN Doumani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doumani, P. N. et al. Burial ritual, agriculture, and craft production among Bronze Age pastoralists at Tasbas (Kazakhstan). Archaeological Research in Asia 1\u20132, 17\u201332 (2015)","journal-title":"Archaeological Research in Asia"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1179\/0093469014Z.00000000085","volume":"39","author":"MD Frachetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. D. & Maksudov, F. A. The landscape of ancient mobile pastoralism in the highlands of Uzbekistan, 2000 b.c.\u2013a.d. 1400. J. Field Archaeol. 39, 195\u2013212 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Field Archaeol."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.02.009","volume":"39","author":"AK Outram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Outram, A. K. et al. Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan: new evidence from faunal and lipid residue analyses. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 2424\u20132435 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3167\/082279405781826146","volume":"9","author":"S Robinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robinson, S. Pastoralism in the Gorno-Badakhshan Region of Tajikistan. Nomad. People. 9, 199\u2013206 (2005)","journal-title":"Nomad. People."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR20","unstructured":"Kuz\u2019mina, E. E. in Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (eds Levine, M., Renfrew, C. & Boyle, K. ) 203\u2013232 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR21","first-page":"537","volume":"1","author":"GL Possehl","year":"1979","unstructured":"Possehl, G. L. Pastoral nomadism in the Indus civilization: an hypothesis. South Asian Archaeology 1, 537\u2013551 (1979)","journal-title":"South Asian Archaeology"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potts, D. T. Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. (Oxford Univ. Press, 2014)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199330799.001.0001"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2753\/AAE1061-1959340487","volume":"34","author":"N Di Cosmo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Di Cosmo, N. Ancient Xinjiang between central Asia and China: the nomadic factor. Anthropol. Archeol. Eurasia 34, 87\u2013101 (1996)","journal-title":"Anthropol. Archeol. Eurasia"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/025764309200800103","volume":"8","author":"AG Frank","year":"1992","unstructured":"Frank, A. G. The centrality of central Asia. Stud. Hist. 8, 43\u201397 (1992)","journal-title":"Stud. Hist."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/15685209-12341340","volume":"57","author":"BK Miller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miller, B. K. Xiongnu \u2018kings\u2019 and the political order of the steppe empire. J. Econ. Soc. Hist. Orient 57, 1\u201343 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Econ. Soc. Hist. Orient"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-011-9053-2","volume":"20","author":"JD Rogers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rogers, J. D. Inner Asian states and empires: theories and synthesis. J. Archaeol. Res. 20, 205\u2013256 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckwith, C. I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. (Princeton Univ. Press, 2009)","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829941"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR28","unstructured":"Khazanov, A. M. Nomads and the Outside World. 2nd edn (Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1994)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.58.2.3631038","volume":"58","author":"PC Salzman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salzman, P. C. Pastoral nomads: some general observations based on research in Iran. J. Anthropol. Res. 58, 245\u2013264 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Res."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR30","volume-title":"Kormovye resursy Kazakhstana [Fodder Resources of Kazakhstan]","author":"LN Sobolev","year":"1960","unstructured":"Sobolev, L. N. & Pel\u2019t, N. N. Kormovye resursy Kazakhstana [Fodder Resources of Kazakhstan] (Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1960)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR31","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. D. in Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory (eds Evans, T. L. & Daly, P. T. ) 128\u2013147 (Routledge, 2006)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1179\/009346911X13140904382057","volume":"36","author":"PW Jia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jia, P. W., Betts, A. & Wu, X. New evidence for Bronze Age agricultural settlements in the Zhunge\u2019er (Junggar) Basin, China. J. Field Archaeol. 36, 269\u2013280 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Field Archaeol."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683616646842","volume":"26","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, X., Reid, R. E., Lightfoot, E., Matuzeviciute, G. M. & Jones, M. K. Radical change and dietary conservatism: mixing model estimates of human diets along the Inner Asia and China\u2019s mountain corridors. The Holocene 26, 1556\u20131565 (2016)","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR34","first-page":"234","volume":"10","author":"T Barfield","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barfield, T. in Nomads in the Sedentary World Curzon-IIAS Asian Studies Series (eds Khazanov, A. M. & Wink, A. ) Ch. 10, 234\u2013250 (Curzon, 2001)","journal-title":"Nomads in the Sedentary World Curzon-IIAS Asian Studies Series"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00438240802655302","volume":"41","author":"S Stride","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stride, S., Rondelli, B. & Mantellini, S. Canals versus horses: political power in the oasis of Samarkand. World Archaeol. 41, 73\u201387 (2009)","journal-title":"World Archaeol."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-013-9197-0","volume":"21","author":"A Angourakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angourakis, A. et al. Land use patterns in central Asia. Step 1: the musical chairs model. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 21, 405\u2013425 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Method Theory"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. D. Pastoralist Landscapes and Social Interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia. (Univ. California Press, 2008)","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520942691"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seland, E. H. & Bintley, M. Writ in water, lines in sand: ancient trade routes, models and comparative evidence. Cogent Arts & Humanities 2, (2015)","DOI":"10.1080\/23311983.2015.1110272"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7817\/jameroriesoci.135.3.421","volume":"135","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, J. Transportation, boarding, lodging, and trade along the early Silk Road: a preliminary study of the Xuanquan manuscripts. J. Am. Orient. Soc. 135, 421\u2013432 (2015)","journal-title":"J. Am. Orient. Soc."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20133382","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3382","volume":"281","author":"R Spengler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spengler, R. et al. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of central Eurasia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 281, 20133382 (2014)","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR41","unstructured":"Mei, J. Qijia and Seima-Turbino: the question of early contacts between northwest China and the Eurasian steppe. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities bulletin 31\u201354, http:\/\/cat.inist.fr\/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17748473 (2003)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-014-9073-9","volume":"22","author":"W Honeychurch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Honeychurch, W. Alternative complexities: the archaeology of pastoral nomadic states. J. Archaeol. Res. 22, 277\u2013326 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Res."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1353\/asi.2007.0017","volume":"46","author":"JD Rogers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rogers, J. D. The contingencies of state formation in eastern Inner Asia. Asian Perspect. 46, 249\u2013274 (2007)","journal-title":"Asian Perspect."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR44","unstructured":"Brosseder, U. & Miller, B. K. Xiongnu Archaeology \u2013 Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia in Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology 5 (ed. Bemmann, J. ) (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn, Bonn, 2011)"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR45","first-page":"52","volume":"9","author":"C Chase-Dunn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chase-Dunn, C. et al. Middlemen and marcher states in central Asia and east\/west empire synchrony. Soc. Evol. Hist. 9, 52\u201379 (2010)","journal-title":"Soc. Evol. Hist."},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitfield, S. Life Along the Silk Road. (Univ. California Press, 2015)","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520960299"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkerson, C. B., Maiersperger, T. & Schmidt, G. eMODIS: A user-friendly data source. Open-file Rep. (U.S. Geol. Surv.) 2010\u20131055 (2010)","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20101055"},{"key":"BFnature21696_CR48","unstructured":"Frachetti, M. D. Bronze Age Pastoral Landscapes of Eurasia and the Nature of Social Interaction in the Mountain Steppe Zone of Eastern Kazakhstan. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, http:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/dissertations\/AAI3138010\/ (2004)"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature21696.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature21696","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature21696.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T21:25:52Z","timestamp":1719091552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature21696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7644","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature21696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21696","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}