{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:50:17Z","timestamp":1783612217245,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7671","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature23459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T16:12:17Z","timestamp":1505232737000},"page":"180-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Programming languages and compiler design for realistic quantum hardware"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"549","author":[{"given":"Frederic T.","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Martonosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"BFnature23459_CR1","first-page":"11","volume":"20","author":"GE Moore","year":"1975","unstructured":"Moore, G. E. Progress in digital integrated electronics. IEEE Solid-State Circ. Soc. News. 20(3), 11\u201313 (1975; reprinted 2006); available at http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4804410\/","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circ. Soc. News."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Micheli, G. Hardware synthesis from C\/C++ models. In Proc. Conf. on Design Automation and Test in Europe (DATE \u201999) 80 (ACM, 1999)","DOI":"10.1145\/307418.307527"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deschamps, J.-P ., Valderrama, E & Ter\u00e9s, L. Design Methods 171\u2013177 (Springer, 2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41198-9_6"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shor, P. W. Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proc. 35th Ann. Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS \u201994) 124\u2013134 (IEEE, 1994)","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1994.365700"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosca, M. in Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science (ed. Meyers, R. A. ) 7088\u20137118 (Springer, 2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30440-3_423"},{"issue":"6","key":"BFnature23459_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1137\/080712167","volume":"39","author":"A Ambainis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ambainis, A., Childs, A. M., Reichardt, B. W., Spalek, R. & Zhang, S. Any AND-OR formula of size N can be evaluated in time N1\/2+0(1) on a quantum computer. SIAM J. Comput. 39(6), 2513\u20132530 (2010)","journal-title":"SIAM J. Comput."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childs, A. M . et al. Exponential algorithmic speedup by a quantum walk. In Proc. 35th Ann. Symp. on Theory of Computing (STOC \u201903) 59\u201368 (ACM, 2003)","DOI":"10.1145\/780542.780552"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallgren, S. Fast quantum algorithms for computing the unit group and class group of a number field. In Proc. 37th Ann. Symp. on Theory of Computing (STOC \u201905) 468\u2013474 (ACM, 2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1060590.1060660"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, L. K. A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. In Proc. 28th Ann. Symp. on Theory of Computing (STOC \u201996) 212\u2013219 (ACM, 1996)","DOI":"10.1145\/237814.237866"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2011.552441","volume":"109","author":"JD Whitfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whitfield, J. D. et al. Simulation of electronic structure Hamiltonians using quantum computers. Mol. Phys. 109, 735\u2013750 (2010)","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR11","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology FIPS PUB 180\u20134: Secure Hash Standard (SHS) http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/fips\/fips180-4\/fips180-4.pdf (US Department of Commerce, 2012)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR12","unstructured":"Magniez, F ., Santha, M . & Szegedy, M. Quantum algorithms for the triangle problem. In Proc. 16th Ann. Symp. on Discrete Algorithms (SODA \u201905) 1109\u20131117 (ACM-SIAM, 2005)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113479","volume":"309","author":"A Aspuru-Guzik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aspuru-Guzik, A., Dutoi, A. D., Love, P. J. & Head-Gordon, M. Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies. Science 309, 1704\u20131707 (2005)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217069","volume":"336","author":"SP Jordan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jordan, S. P., Lee, K. S. M. & Preskill, J. Quantum algorithms for quantum field theories. Science 336, 1130\u20131133 (2012)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1021\/jz501649m","volume":"5","author":"JR McClean","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClean, J. R., Babbush, R., Love, P. L. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Exploiting locality in quantum computation for quantum chemistry. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 4368\u20134380 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR16","unstructured":"Reiher, M., Wiebe, N., Svore, K. M., Wecker, D. & Troyer, M. Elucidating reaction mechanisms on quantum computers. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1605.03590 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5213","volume":"5","author":"A Peruzzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peruzzo, A. et al. A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor. Nat. Commun. 5, 4213 (2014)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR18","first-page":"031007","volume":"6","author":"PJJ O\u2019Malley","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley, P. J. J . et al. Scalable quantum simulation of molecular energies. Phys. Rev. X 6, 031007 (2016). This paper is a good example of the emerging importance of classical-quantum co-processing.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1145\/2699415","volume":"58","author":"B Valiron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valiron, B. et al. Programming the quantum future. Commun. ACM 58, 52\u201361 (2015). This paper offers another perspective on quantum programming language design issues.","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metodi, T. S ., Thaker, D. D ., Cross, A. W ., Chong, F. T . & Chuang, I. L. A quantum logic array microarchitecture:scalable quantum data movement and computation. In Proc. 38th Ann. Int. Symp. on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 305\u2013318 (ACM\/IEEE Computer Society, 2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2005.9"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaker, D. D ., Metodi, T. S ., Cross, A. W ., Chuang, I. L . & Chong, F. T. Quantum memory hierarchies: efficient designs to match available parallelism in quantum computing. In Proc. 33rd Ann. Int. Symp. on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 378\u2013390 (ACM\/IEEE Computer Society, 2006)","DOI":"10.1145\/1150019.1136518"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1145\/1080695.1069986","volume":"33","author":"S Balensiefer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balensiefer, S., Kregor-Stickles, L. & Oskin, M. An evaluation framework and instruction set architecture for ion-trap based quantum micro-architectures. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 33, 186\u2013196 (2005)","journal-title":"SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1145\/1168919.1168889","volume":"34","author":"E Schuchman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schuchman, E. & Vijaykumar, T. N. A program transformation and architecture support for quantum uncomputation. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 34, 252\u2013263 (2006)","journal-title":"SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isailovic, N ., Whitney, M ., Patel, Y . & Kubiatowicz, J. Running a quantum circuit at the speed of data. In Proc. 35th Ann. Int. Symp. on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 177\u2013188 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1394608.1382137"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitney, M. G ., Isailovic, N ., Patel, Y . & Kubiatowicz, J. A fault tolerant, area efficient architecture for Shor\u2019s factoring algorithm. In Proc. 36th Ann. Int. Symp. on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 383\u2013394 (2009)","DOI":"10.1145\/1555754.1555802"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/2494568","volume":"56","author":"R Van Meter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Meter, R. & Horsman, C. A blueprint for building a quantum computer. Commun. ACM 56, 84\u201393 (2013)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metodi, T. S ., Faruque, A. I . & Chong, F. T. Quantum Computing for Computer Architects 2nd edn Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture (Morgan & Claypool, 2011)","DOI":"10.2200\/S00331ED1V01Y201101CAC013"},{"issue":"3","key":"BFnature23459_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1145\/2508148.2485937","volume":"41","author":"Daniel Kudrow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kudrow, D . et al. Quantum rotations: a case study in static and dynamic machine-code generation for quantum computers. In Proc.40th Ann. Int. Symp. on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 166\u2013176 (ACM, 2013)","journal-title":"ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFnature23459_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1145\/2786763.2694357","volume":"43","author":"Jeff Heckey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heckey, J . et al. Compiler management of communication and parallelism for quantum computation. In Proc. 20th Int. Conf. on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 445\u2013456 (ACM, 2015). This paper describes the use of a software toolchain to explore architectural designs and optimizations.","journal-title":"ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032329","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.032329","volume":"94","author":"SJ Devitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devitt, S. J. Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud. Phys. Rev. A 94, 032329 (2016)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18648","volume":"536","author":"S Debnath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Debnath, S. et al. Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits. Nature 536, 63\u201366 (2016)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR32","unstructured":"Linke, N. M. et al. Fault-tolerant quantum error detection. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.06946 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14270","volume":"519","author":"J Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly, J. et al. State preservation by repetitive error detection in a superconducting quantum circuit. Nature 519, 66\u201369 (2015)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR34","unstructured":"Lekitsch, B. et al. Blueprint for a microwave trapped-ion quantum computer. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1508.00420 (2015)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032324","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.032324","volume":"86","author":"AG Fowler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fowler, A. G. et al. Surface codes: towards practical large-scale quantum computation. Phys. Rev. A 86, 032324 (2012)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022317","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.89.022317","volume":"89","author":"C Monroe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monroe, C. et al. Large-scale modular quantum-computer architecture with atomic memory and photonic interconnects. Phys. Rev. A 89, 022317 (2014)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR37","unstructured":"Hastings, M. B., Wecker, D., Bauer, B. & Troyer, M. Improving quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1403.1539 (2014). This paper describes a software toolchain that improves the efficiency 100,000-fold in their quantum chemistry application."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR38","unstructured":"Omer, B. A Procedural Formalism for Quantum Computing: Qcl. Master\u2019s thesis http:\/\/tph.tuwien.ac.at\/~oemer\/doc\/qcldoc.pdf (Technical Physics, TU Vienna, 1998)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, A. S . et al. Quipper: A scalable quantum programming language. In Proc. 34th SIGPLAN Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI \u201913) 333\u2013342 (ACM, 2013). This paper describes a quantum programming language incorporating some of the best design practices of functional languages.","DOI":"10.1145\/2491956.2462177"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapets, A . et al. Quafl: A typed dsl for quantum programming. In Proc. 1st Ann. Workshop on Functional Programming Concepts in Domain-specific Languages (FPCDSL \u201913) 19\u201326 (ACM, 2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2505351.2505357"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JavadiAbhari, A . et al. ScaffCC: A framework for compilation and analysis of quantum computing programs. In Proc. 11th ACM Conf. on Computing Frontiers 1 (ACM, 2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2597917.2597939"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR42","unstructured":"Lattner, C . & Adve, V. LLVM: A compilation framework for lifelong program analysis & transformation. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Code Generation and Optimization: Feedback-directed and Runtime Optimization 75\u201386 (IEEE Computer Society, 2004)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR43","unstructured":"Wecker, D. & Svore, K. Liquid: A Software Design Architecture And Domain-Specific Language For Quantum Computing. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/project\/language-integrated-quantum-operations-liqui\/ (2014)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR44","unstructured":"Haner, T., Steiger, D. S., Svore, K. & Troyer, M. A software methodology for compiling quantum programs. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1604.01401 (2016). This is a good example of a quantum software stack."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR45","unstructured":"Steiger, D. S., Hner, T. & Troyer, M. ProjectQ: an open source software framework for quantum computing. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1612.08091 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR46","unstructured":"Ion Storage Group. ARTIQ (Advanced Real-Time Infrastructure for Quantum Physics) http:\/\/m-labs.hk\/artiq\/index.html (NIST, 2017)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR47","unstructured":"Smith, R. S., Curtis, M. J. & Zeng, W. J. A practical quantum instruction set architecture. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.03355 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figgatt, C. et al. Complete 3-qubit grover search on a programmable quantum computer. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1703.10535 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01904-7"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2017.21585","volume":"543","author":"D Castelvecchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castelvecchi, D. IBM\u2019s quantum cloud computer goes commercial. Nature 543, 159 (2017)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J ., Esmaeilzadeh, H ., Zhang, X ., Naik, M . & Harris, W. Flexjava: Language support for safe and modular approximate programming. In Proc. 10th Joint Meet. on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC\/FSE 2015) 745\u2013757 (ACM, 2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2786805.2786807"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR51","unstructured":"Aho, A. V ., Lam, M. S ., Sethi, R . & Ullman, J. D. Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools 2nd edn (Addison-Wesley Longman, 2006)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR52","unstructured":"Allen, F. E. Interprocedural data flow analysis. In International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Congress 398\u2013402 (1974)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, M. W ., Murphy, B. R ., Amarasinghe, S. P ., Liao, S. W . & Lam., M. S. Interprocedural Analysis for Parallelization 61\u201380 (Springer, 1996)","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0014192"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094518","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.094518","volume":"90","author":"JM Dempster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dempster, J. M., Fu, B., Ferguson, D. G., Schuster, D. I. & Koch, J. Understanding degenerate ground states of a protected quantum circuit in the presence of disorder. Phys. Rev. B 90, 094518 (2014)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14106","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14106","volume":"8","author":"S Mavadia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mavadia, S., Frey, F., Sastrawan, J., Dona, S. & Biercuk, M. J. Prediction and real-time compensation of qubit decoherence via machine learning. Nature Commun. 8, 14106 (2017)","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR56","unstructured":"Kandala, A. et al. Hardware-efficient quantum optimizer for small molecules and quantum magnets. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.05018 (2017)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"080501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.080501","volume":"114","author":"DC McKay","year":"2015","unstructured":"McKay, D. C., Naik, R., Reinhold, P., Bishop, L. S. & Schuster., D. I. High-contrast qubit interactions using multimode cavity qed. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 080501 (2015)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR58","unstructured":"Homulle, H. et al. A reconfigurable cryogenic platform for the classical control of scalable quantum computers. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1602.05786 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/77.80745","volume":"1","author":"KK Likharev","year":"1991","unstructured":"Likharev, K. K. & Semenov, V. K. Rsfq logic\/memory family: a new Josephson-junction technology for sub-terahertz-clock-frequency digital systems. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 1, 3\u201328 (1991)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.90.022305","volume":"90","author":"D Wecker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wecker, D., Bauer, B., Clark, B. K., Hastings, M. B. & Troyer, M. Gate-count estimates for performing quantum chemistry on small quantum computers. Phys. Rev. A 90, 022305 (2014)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR61","unstructured":"Smelyanskiy, M., Sawaya, N. P. D. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. qHiPSTER: the quantum high performance software testing environment. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1601.07195 (2016)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR62","unstructured":"Khammassi, N. The QX Simulator http:\/\/www.xpu-project.net\/qx\/download.html (2017)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.250501","volume":"116","author":"S Bravyi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bravyi, S. & Gosset, D. Improved classical simulation of quantum circuits dominated by clifford gates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 250501 (2016)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiw, C ., Kindlmann, G ., Reppy, J ., Samuels, L . & Seltzer, N. Diderot: a parallel DSL for image analysis and visualization. In Proc. SIGPLAN Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation 111\u2013120 (ACM, 2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2345156.2254079"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"Vol. 40","author":"R Alur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alur, R . et al. in Dependable Software Systems Engineering. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series D: Information and Communication Security (eds Irlbeck, M ., Peled, D. A . & Pretschner, A. ) Vol. 40, 1\u201325 (IOS Press, 2015)","journal-title":"Dependable Software Systems Engineering. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series D: Information and Communication Security"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR66","unstructured":"Selinger, P . & Valiron, B. in Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures 81\u201396 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008)"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00784","volume":"417","author":"D Kielpinski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kielpinski, D., Monroe, C. & Wineland, D. J. Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer. Nature 417, 709\u2013711 (2002)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3978(199806)46:4\/5<363::AID-PROP363>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"46","author":"DJ Wineland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wineland, D. J. et al. Experimental primer on the trapped ion quantum computer. Fortschr. Phys. 46, 363\u2013390 (1998)","journal-title":"Fortschr. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature23459_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amy, M., Roetteler, M. & Svore, K. M. Verified Compilation of Space-Efficient Reversible Circuits. In Proc. Computer Aided Verification: 29th Int. Conf. (CAV 2017) Part II, 3\u201321 (Springer International, 2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63390-9_1"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23459.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23459","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nature23459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23459.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T18:17:48Z","timestamp":1750875468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7671","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature23459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}