{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T22:14:13Z","timestamp":1768083253091,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Clin Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]],"date-time":"2007-04-27T10:09:33Z","timestamp":1177668573000},"page":"295-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Medulloblastoma: tumorigenesis, current clinical paradigm, and efforts to improve risk stratification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"William R","family":"Polkinghorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy J","family":"Tarbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960801)78:3<532::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"78","author":"JG Gurney","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gurney JG et al. (1996) Trends in cancer incidence among children in the US. Cancer 78: 532\u2013541","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.10121","volume":"39","author":"DE McNeil","year":"2002","unstructured":"McNeil DE et al. (2002) Incidence and trends in pediatric malignancies medulloblastoma\/primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a SEER update. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Med Pediatr Oncol 39: 190\u2013194","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200105000-00005","volume":"13","author":"JG Gurney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gurney JG and Kadan-Lottick N (2001) Brain and other central nervous system tumors: rates, trends, and epidemiology. Curr Opin Oncol 13: 160\u2013166","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR4","volume-title":"Pediatric Radiation Oncology","author":"EC Halperin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Halperin EC et al. (2005) Pediatric Radiation Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/415436a","volume":"41","author":"SL Pomeroy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pomeroy SL et al. (2002) Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature 41: 436\u2013442","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3234","volume":"17","author":"M Fouladi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fouladi M et al. (1999) Comparison of CSF cytology and spinal magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric medulloblastoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J Clin Oncol 17: 3234\u20133237","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1925.02200140055002","volume":"14","author":"P Bailey","year":"1925","unstructured":"Bailey P and Cushing H (1925) Medulloblastoma cerebelli: a common type of midcerebellar glioma of childhood. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 14: 192\u2013224","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.1930.tb06503.x","volume":"1","author":"H Cushing","year":"1930","unstructured":"Cushing H (1930) Experiences with the cerebellar medulloblastomas: a critical review. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1: 1\u201386","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.105.1.43","volume":"105","author":"HJ Bloom","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bloom HJ et al. (1969) The treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma in children: a study of 82 verified cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 105: 43\u201362","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(03)01574-8","volume":"58","author":"WH St Clair","year":"2004","unstructured":"St Clair WH et al. (2004) Advantage of protons compared to conventional X-ray or IMRT in the treatment of a pediatric patient with medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58: 727\u2013734","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/35081558","volume":"2","author":"VY Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang VY and Zoghbi HY (2001) Genetic regulation of cerebellar development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 484\u2013491","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20166","volume":"64","author":"MP Fogarty","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fogarty MP et al. (2005) Morphing into cancer: the role of developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor formation. J Neurobiol 64: 458\u2013475","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.11.008","volume":"11","author":"S Marino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marino S (2005) Medulloblastoma: developmental mechanisms out of control. Trends Mol Med 11: 17\u201322","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.1.2292","volume":"5","author":"PS Knoepfler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knoepfler PS and Kenney AM (2006) Neural precursor cycling at sonic speed: N-Myc pedals, GSK-3 brakes. Cell Cycle 5: 47\u201352","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80682-0","volume":"22","author":"RJ Wechsler-Reya","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wechsler-Reya RJ and Scott MP (1999) Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic Hedgehog. Neuron 22: 103\u2013114","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112858","volume":"29","author":"T Dellovade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dellovade T et al. (2006) The hedgehog pathway and neurological disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 29: 539\u2013563","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208567","volume":"24","author":"H Kimura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kimura H et al. (2005) Gli1 is important for medulloblastoma formation in Ptc1+\/\u2212 mice. Oncogene 24: 4026\u20134036","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00182","volume":"130","author":"AM Kenney","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kenney AM et al. (2003) Nmyc upregulation by sonic hedgehog signaling promotes proliferation in developing cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Development 130: 15\u201328","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832317100","volume":"100","author":"TG Oliver","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oliver TG et al. (2003) Transcriptional profiling of the Sonic hedgehog response: a critical role for N-myc in proliferation of neuronal precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 7331\u20137336","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207818","volume":"23","author":"G Rao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rao G et al. (2004) Sonic hedgehog and insulin-like growth factor signaling synergize to induce medulloblastoma formation from nestin-expressing neural progenitors in mice. Oncogene 23: 6156\u20136162","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-2198","volume":"66","author":"SR Browd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Browd SR et al. (2006) N-myc can substitute for insulin-like growth factor signaling in a mouse model of sonic hedgehog-induced medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 66: 2666\u20132672","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2264(200001)27:1<44::AID-GCC6>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"27","author":"RH Zurawel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zurawel RH et al. (2000) Analysis of PTCH\/SMO\/SHH pathway genes in medulloblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27: 44\u201351","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7794","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1813","volume":"64","author":"AR Hallahan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hallahan AR et al. (2004) The SmoA1 mouse model reveals that notch signaling is critical for the growth and survival of sonic hedgehog-induced medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 64: 7794\u20137800","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.4974","volume":"24","author":"MC Thompson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thompson MC et al. (2006) Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 24: 1924\u20131931","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206156","volume":"22","author":"N Baeza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baeza N et al. (2003) AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas. Oncogene 22: 632\u2013636","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.4.333","volume":"59","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eberhart CG et al. (2000) Nuclear localization and mutation of beta-catenin in medulloblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59: 333\u2013337","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64747-5","volume":"156","author":"H Huang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huang H et al. (2000) APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol 156: 433\u2013437","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR28","first-page":"896","volume":"58","author":"RH Zurawel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zurawel RH et al. (1998) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain oncogenic beta-catenin mutations. Cancer Res 58: 896\u2013899","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209704","volume":"25","author":"VB Holcomb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holcomb VB et al. (2006) Ku80 and p53 suppress medulloblastoma that arise independent of Rag-1-induced DSBs. Oncogene 25: 7159\u20137165","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601938103","volume":"103","author":"CT Yan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yan CT et al. (2006) XRCC4 suppresses medulloblastomas with recurrent translocations in p53-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 7378\u20137383","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR31","first-page":"6395","volume":"62","author":"Y Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee Y and McKinnon PJ (2002) DNA ligase IV suppresses medulloblastoma formation. Cancer Res 62: 6395\u20136399","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1473","volume":"8","author":"A Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee A et al. (2005) Isolation of neural stem cells from the postnatal cerebellum. Nat Neurosci 8: 723\u2013729","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR33","first-page":"5821","volume":"63","author":"SK Singh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Singh SK et al. (2003) Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 63: 5821\u20135828","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03128","volume":"432","author":"SK Singh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singh SK et al. (2004) Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432: 396\u2013401","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000071316","volume":"39","author":"RJ Packer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Packer RJ et al. (2003) Medulloblastoma: present concepts of stratification into risk groups. Pediatr Neurosurg 39: 60\u201367","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9196-z","volume":"81","author":"SE Squire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Squire SE et al. (2006) Atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumor: the controversy behind radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 81: 97\u2013111","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.8.1211","volume":"6","author":"S Rutkowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rutkowski S (2006) Current treatment approaches to early childhood medulloblastoma. Expert Rev Neurother 6: 1211\u20131221","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.72.4.0572","volume":"72","author":"AE Evans","year":"1990","unstructured":"Evans AE et al. (1990) The treatment of medulloblastoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of radiation therapy with and without CCNU, vincristine, and prednisone. J Neurosurg 72: 572\u2013582","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR39","first-page":"464","volume":"26","author":"DM Tait","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tait DM et al. (1990) Adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: the first multi-centre control trial of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP I). Eur J Cancer 26: 464\u2013469","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00431-4","volume":"47","author":"D Jenkin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jenkin D et al. (2000) Prognostic factors for medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 573\u2013584","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.7.2127","volume":"17","author":"RJ Packer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Packer RJ et al. (1999) Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children's Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 17: 2127\u20132136","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.16.3004","volume":"18","author":"PR Thomas","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thomas PR et al. (2000) Low-stage medulloblastoma: final analysis of trial comparing standard-dose with reduced-dose neuraxis irradiation. J Clin Oncol 18: 3004\u20133011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.15.3470","volume":"19","author":"MD Ris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ris MD et al. (2001) Intellectual outcome after reduced-dose radiation therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastoma: a Children's Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 19: 3470\u20133476","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.4980","volume":"24","author":"RJ Packer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Packer RJ et al. (2006) Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 4202\u20134208","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.00.703","volume":"23","author":"RK Mulhern","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mulhern RK et al. (2005) Neurocognitive consequences of risk-adapted therapy for childhood medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 23: 5511\u20135519","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.3.832","volume":"17","author":"PM Zeltzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zeltzer PM et al. (1999) Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children's Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17: 832\u2013845","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.5.0690","volume":"81","author":"RJ Packer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Packer RJ et al. (1994) Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. J Neurosurg 81: 690\u2013698","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70867-1","volume":"7","author":"A Gajjar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gajjar A et al. (2006) Risk-adapted craniospinal radiotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue in children with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma (St Jude Medulloblastoma-96): long-term results from a prospective, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 7: 813\u2013820","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.02.026","volume":"42","author":"J Verlooy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verlooy J et al. (2006) Treatment of high risk medulloblastomas in children above the age of 3 years: a SFOP study. Eur J Cancer 42: 3004\u20133014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR50","volume-title":"Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and its Coverings","author":"PC Burger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burger PC et al. (2002) Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and its Coverings. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR51","first-page":"472","volume":"146","author":"D Schofield","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schofield D et al. (1995) Correlation of loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 9q with histological subtype in medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol 146: 472\u2013480","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR52","first-page":"2085","volume":"57","author":"T Pietsch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pietsch T et al. (1997) Medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic variant carry mutations of the human homologue of Drosophila patched. Cancer Res 57: 2085\u20132088","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR53","first-page":"842","volume":"57","author":"C Raffel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raffel C et al. (1997) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain PTCH mutations. Cancer Res 57: 842\u2013845","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01404849","volume":"132","author":"U Sure","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sure U et al. (1995) Staging, scoring and grading of medulloblastoma: a postoperative prognosis predicting system based on the cases of a single institute. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 132: 59\u201365","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.2950250303","volume":"25","author":"CC Bailey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bailey CC et al. (1995) Prospective randomised trial of chemotherapy given before radiotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma. International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and the (German) Society of Paediatric Oncology (GPO): SIOP II. Med Pediatr Oncol 25: 166\u2013178","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.6.0971","volume":"91","author":"F Giangaspero","year":"1999","unstructured":"Giangaspero F et al. (1999) Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity: a variant with favorable prognosis. J Neurosurg 91: 971\u2013977","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199207000-00007","volume":"16","author":"F Giangaspero","year":"1992","unstructured":"Giangaspero F et al. (1992) Large-cell medulloblastomas: a distinct variant with highly aggressive behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 16: 687\u2013693","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.10.857","volume":"59","author":"HG Brown","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown HG et al. (2000) \u201cLarge cell\/anaplastic\u201d medulloblastomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59: 857\u2013865","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10189","volume":"94","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eberhart CG et al. (2002) Histopathologic grading of medulloblastomas: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Cancer 94: 552\u2013560","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.6.627","volume":"62","author":"CS McManamy","year":"2003","unstructured":"McManamy CS et al. (2003) Morphophenotypic variation predicts clinical behavior in childhood non-desmoplastic medulloblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62: 627\u2013632","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5482","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0721","volume":"10","author":"JM Lamont","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lamont JM et al. (2004) Combined histopathological and molecular cytogenetic stratification of medulloblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 10: 5482\u20135493","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200303000-00004","volume":"25","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eberhart CG et al. (2003) Medulloblastomas with systemic metastases: evaluation of tumor histopathology and clinical behavior in 23 patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25: 198\u2013203","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00037.x","volume":"13","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eberhart CG and Burger PC (2003) Anaplasia and grading in medulloblastomas. Brain Pathol 13: 376\u2013385","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.1.0082","volume":"95","author":"JR Leonard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leonard JR et al. (2001) Large cell\/anaplastic medulloblastomas and medullomyoblastomas: clinicopathological and genetic features. J Neurosurg 95: 82\u201388","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00420.x","volume":"12","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eberhart CG et al. (2002) Comparative genomic hybridization detects an increased number of chromosomal alterations in large cell\/anaplastic medulloblastomas. Brain Pathol 12: 36\u201344","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1580","volume":"66","author":"D Stearns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stearns D et al. (2006) c-myc overexpression causes anaplasia in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 66: 673\u2013681","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR67","first-page":"584","volume":"50","author":"PH Cogen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cogen PH et al. (1992) Involvement of multiple chromosome 17p loci in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. Am J Hum Genet 50: 584\u2013589","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01052657","volume":"24","author":"SK Batra","year":"1995","unstructured":"Batra SK et al. (1995) Prognostic implications of chromosome 17p deletions in human medulloblastomas. J Neurooncol 24: 39\u201345","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0465","volume":"11","author":"E Pan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pan E et al. (2005) Isochromosome 17q is a negative prognostic factor in poor-risk childhood medulloblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 11: 4733\u20134740","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR70","first-page":"1559","volume":"2","author":"SM Emadian","year":"1996","unstructured":"Emadian SM et al. (1996) Correlation of chromosome 17p loss with clinical outcome in medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2: 1559\u20131564","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR71","first-page":"473","volume":"3","author":"JA Biegel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Biegel JA et al. (1997) Prognostic significance of chromosome 17p deletions in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastomas) of the central nervous system. Clin Cancer Res 3: 473\u2013478","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200010000-00020","volume":"47","author":"MD Taylor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Taylor MD et al. (2000) Molecular insight into medulloblastoma and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor biology from hereditary syndromes: a review. Neurosurgery 47: 888\u2013901","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR73","first-page":"3794","volume":"62","author":"BR Rood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rood BR et al. (2002) Hypermethylation of HIC-1 and 17p allelic loss in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 62: 3794\u20133797","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400690101","volume":"101","author":"L Di Marcotullio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Di Marcotullio L et al. (2004) REN(KCTD11) is a suppressor of Hedgehog signaling and is deleted in human medulloblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 10833\u201310838","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.10.005","volume":"11","author":"E Ferretti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferretti E et al. (2005) Hedgehog checkpoints in medulloblastoma: the chromosome 17p deletion paradigm. Trends Mol Med 11: 537\u2013545","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880215)61:4<744::AID-CNCR2820610418>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"61","author":"T Tomita","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tomita T et al. (1988) Flow cytometric DNA analysis of medulloblastoma: prognostic implication of aneuploidy. Cancer 61: 744\u2013749","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.3.0385","volume":"70","author":"M Yasue","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yasue M et al. (1989) Prognostic importance of DNA ploidy in medulloblastoma of childhood. J Neurosurg 70: 385\u2013391","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820690539","volume":"69","author":"DE Schofield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schofield DE et al. (1992) DNA content and other prognostic features in childhood medulloblastoma: proposal of a scoring system. Cancer 69: 1307\u20131314","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.11.2211","volume":"11","author":"AJ Gajjar","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gajjar AJ et al. (1993) Relation of tumor-cell ploidy to survival in children with medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 11: 2211\u20132217","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.4.616","volume":"11","author":"C Zerbini","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zerbini C et al. (1993) Prognostic factors in medulloblastoma, including DNA ploidy. J Clin Oncol 11: 616\u2013622","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1861","volume":"38","author":"SL Carter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carter SL et al. (2006) A signature of chromosomal instability inferred from gene expression profiles predicts clinical outcome in multiple human cancers. Nat Genet 38: 1043\u20131048","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.7.2478","volume":"16","author":"WG Scheurlen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Scheurlen WG et al. (1998) Molecular analysis of childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors defines markers associated with poor outcome. J Clin Oncol 16: 2478\u20132485","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-0540-MAMOAI","volume":"126","author":"N Aldosari","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aldosari N et al. (2002) MYCC and MYCN oncogene amplification in medulloblastoma: a fluorescence in situ hybridization study on paraffin sections from the Children's Oncology Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126: 540\u2013544","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.5.441","volume":"63","author":"CG Eberhart","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eberhart CG et al. (2004) Histopathological and molecular prognostic markers in medulloblastoma: c-myc, N-myc, TrkC, and anaplasia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63: 441\u2013449","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20000920)89:5<395::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"89","author":"J Herms","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herms J et al. (2000) C-MYC expression in medulloblastoma and its prognostic value. Int J Cancer 89: 395\u2013402","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR86","first-page":"2425","volume":"7","author":"MA Grotzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grotzer MA et al. (2001) MYC messenger RNA expression predicts survival outcome in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumor\/medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 7: 2425\u20132433","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.032","volume":"22","author":"A Gajjar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gajjar A et al. (2004) Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular markers of prognosis: toward a new disease risk stratification system for medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 22: 984\u2013993","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.96","volume":"71","author":"RJ Gilbertson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gilbertson RJ et al. (1995) Prognostic significance of the c-erbB-2 oncogene product in childhood medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 71: 473\u2013477","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199711000-00004","volume":"19","author":"JW Herms","year":"1997","unstructured":"Herms JW et al. (1997) Potential prognostic value of C-erbB-2 expression in medulloblastomas in very young children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19: 510\u2013515","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1987","volume":"85","author":"R Gilbertson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gilbertson R et al. (2001) Clinical and molecular stratification of disease risk in medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 85: 705\u2013712","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR91","first-page":"140","volume":"63","author":"R Hernan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hernan R et al. (2003) ERBB2 up-regulates S100A4 and several other prometastatic genes in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 63: 140\u2013148","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12867","volume":"91","author":"RA Segal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Segal RA et al. (1994) Expression of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC is linked to a favorable outcome in medulloblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 12867\u201312871","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.5.1027","volume":"18","author":"MA Grotzer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grotzer MA et al. (2000) TrkC expression predicts good clinical outcome in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 18: 1027\u20131035","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR94","first-page":"711","volume":"59","author":"JY Kim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kim JY et al. (1999) Activation of neurotrophin-3 receptor TrkC induces apoptosis in medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 59: 711\u2013719","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"BFncponc0794_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7951","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.5479","volume":"23","author":"DW Ellison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ellison DW et al. (2005) beta-catenin status predicts a favorable outcome in childhood medulloblastoma: the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour Committee. J Clin Oncol 23: 7951\u20137957","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Nature Clinical Practice Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncponc0794.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncponc0794","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncponc0794.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T18:17:08Z","timestamp":1707848228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncponc0794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncponc0794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncponc0794","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-4254","1743-4262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-4254","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-4262","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}}}