{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T07:16:29Z","timestamp":1777792589044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,28]],"date-time":"2004-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ng1333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,29]],"date-time":"2004-03-29T09:41:13Z","timestamp":1080553273000},"page":"388-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":657,"title":["Assessing the impact of population stratification on genetic association studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Matthew L","family":"Freedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L","family":"Penney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin J","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre A","family":"Mignault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey B","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric J","family":"Topol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan W","family":"Smoller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos N","family":"Pato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele T","family":"Pato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracey L","family":"Petryshen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence N","family":"Kolonel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric S","family":"Lander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Sklar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel N","family":"Hirschhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Altshuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFng1333_CR1","first-page":"505","volume":"11","author":"DC Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas, D.C. & Witte, J.S. Point: population stratification: a problem for case-control studies of candidate-gene associations? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11, 505\u2013512 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR2","first-page":"513","volume":"11","author":"S Wacholder","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wacholder, S., Rothman, N. & Caporaso, N. Counterpoint: bias from population stratification is not a major threat to the validity of conclusions from epidemiological studies of common polymorphisms and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11, 513\u2013520 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1517\/phgs.4.4.431.22758","volume":"4","author":"E Ziv","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ziv, E. & Burchard, E.G. Human population structure and genetic association studies. Pharmacogenomics 4, 431\u2013441 (2003).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2","volume":"361","author":"LR Cardon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cardon, L.R. & Palmer, L.J. Population stratification and spurious allelic association. Lancet 361, 598\u2013604 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1086\/341719","volume":"71","author":"KG Ardlie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ardlie, K.G., Lunetta, K.L. & Seielstad, M. Testing for population subdivision and association in four case-control studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 304\u2013311 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(01)42023-2","volume":"42","author":"NJ Schork","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schork, N.J. et al. The future of genetic case-control studies. Adv. Genet. 42, 191\u2013212 (2001).","journal-title":"Adv. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1086\/375613","volume":"72","author":"CJ Hoggart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hoggart, C.J. et al. Control of confounding of genetic associations in stratified populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 1492\u20131504 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR8","first-page":"520","volume":"43","author":"WC Knowler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Knowler, W.C., Williams, R.C., Pettitt, D.J. & Steinberg, A.G. Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an association in American Indians with genetic admixture. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43, 520\u2013526 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-002-0731-5","volume":"110","author":"RA Kittles","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kittles, R.A. et al. CYP3A4-V and prostate cancer in African Americans: causal or confounding association because of population stratification? Hum. Genet. 110, 553\u2013560 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1071","volume":"33","author":"KE Lohmueller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lohmueller, K.E., Pearce, C.L., Pike, M., Lander, E.S. & Hirschhorn, J.N. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies supports a contribution of common variants to susceptibility to common disease. Nat. Genet. 33, 177\u2013182 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/302449","volume":"65","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pritchard, J.K. & Rosenberg, N.A. Use of unlinked genetic markers to detect population stratification in association studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 65, 220\u2013228 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00997.x","volume":"55","author":"B Devlin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Devlin, B. & Roeder, K. Genomic control for association studies. Biometrics 55, 997\u20131004 (1999).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2272(200101)20:1<4::AID-GEPI2>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"20","author":"DE Reich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reich, D.E. & Goldstein, D.B. Detecting association in a case-control study while correcting for population stratification. Genet. Epidemiol. 20, 4\u201316 (2001).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.631202","volume":"12","author":"JM Akey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akey, J.M., Zhang, G., Zhang, K., Jin, L. & Shriver, M.D. Interrogating a high-density SNP map for signatures of natural selection. Genome Res. 12, 1805\u20131814 (2002).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1086\/302148","volume":"63","author":"EJ Parra","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parra, E.J. et al. Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 1839\u20131851 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.0126","volume":"22","author":"CL Pfaff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pfaff, C.L., Kittles, R.A. & Shriver, M.D. Adjusting for population structure in admixed populations. Genet. Epidemiol. 22, 196\u2013201 (2002).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.0126","volume":"22","author":"DE Reich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reich, D.E. & Goldstein, D.B. Response to Pfaff et al.: Adjusting for population structure in admixed populations. Genet. Epidemiol. 22, 196\u2013201 (2002).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR18","first-page":"726","volume":"11","author":"CH Bunker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bunker, C.H. et al. High prevalence of screening-detected prostate cancer among Afro-Caribbeans: the Tobago prostate cancer survey. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11, 726\u2013729 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010213","volume":"151","author":"LN Kolonel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kolonel, L.N. et al. A multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: baseline characteristics. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151, 346\u2013357 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.2001.1543","volume":"60","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pritchard, J.K. & Donnelly, P. Case-control studies of association in structured or admixed populations. Theor. Popul. Biol. 60, 227\u2013237 (2001).","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945\u2013959 (2000).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021986","volume":"348","author":"A Siddiqui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Siddiqui, A. et al. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1442\u20131448 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01621","volume":"423","author":"H Ueda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ueda, H. et al. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Nature 423, 506\u2013511 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4701.100910","volume":"104","author":"EJ Topol","year":"2001","unstructured":"Topol, E.J. et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple novel thrombospondin genes may be associated with familial premature myocardial infarction. Circulation 104, 2641\u20132644 (2001).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069424","volume":"296","author":"SB Gabriel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gabriel, S.B. et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296, 2225\u20132229 (2002).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/35075590","volume":"411","author":"DE Reich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reich, D.E. et al. Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411, 199\u2013204 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/35057149","volume":"409","author":"R Sachidanandam","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sachidanandam, R. et al. A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature 409, 928\u2013933 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFng1333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/10290","volume":"22","author":"M Cargill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cargill, M. et al. Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat. Genet. 22, 231\u2013238 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"BFng1333_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10016","volume":"96","author":"K Tang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tang, K. et al. Chip-based genotyping by mass spectrometry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10016\u201310020 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Nature Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng1333.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng1333","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng1333.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T18:05:59Z","timestamp":1684433159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng1333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFng1333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1333","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1010980.211493","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4036","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,28]]}}}