{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T23:43:02Z","timestamp":1777333382643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nrc775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T08:57:00Z","timestamp":1027673820000},"page":"315-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":417,"title":["HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Masters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnrc775_CR1","first-page":"214","volume":"31","author":"WH Lewis","year":"1936","unstructured":"Lewis, W. H. Malignant cells. The Harvey Lectures 31, 214\u2013234 (1936).","journal-title":"The Harvey Lectures"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-4-98","volume":"4","author":"RG Harrison","year":"1907","unstructured":"Harrison, R. G. Observations on the living developing nerve fiber. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 4, 140\u2013143 (1907).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.15.5.516","volume":"15","author":"A Carrel","year":"1912","unstructured":"Carrel, A. On the permanent life of tissues outside the organism. J. Exp. Med. 15, 516\u2013528 (1912).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1910.04330240035009","volume":"55","author":"MT Burrows","year":"1910","unstructured":"Burrows, M. T. The cultivation of tissues of the chick embryo outside the body. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 55, 2057\u20132058 (1910).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR5","first-page":"165","volume":"4","author":"WR Earle","year":"1943","unstructured":"Earle, W. R. et al. Production of malignancy in vitro. IV. The mouse fibroblast cultures and changes seen in living cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 4, 165\u2013212 (1943).","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR6","first-page":"264","volume":"12","author":"GO Gey","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gey, G. O., Coffman, W. D. & Kubicek, M. T. Tissue culture studies of the proliferative capacity of cervical carcinoma and normal epithelium. Cancer Res. 12, 264\u2013265 (1952).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR7","volume-title":"A Conspiracy of Cells. One Woman's Immortal Legacy and the Scandal it Caused","author":"M Gold","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gold, M. A Conspiracy of Cells. One Woman's Immortal Legacy and the Scandal it Caused (State Univ. New York Press, New York, 1986)."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR8","first-page":"945","volume":"38","author":"HW Jones","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jones, H. W., McKusick, V. A., Harper, P. S. & Wuu K. D. The HeLa cell and a reappraisal of its origin. Obstet. Gynecol. 38, 945\u2013949 (1971).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46872-7","volume-title":"Human Cell Culture","author":"JRW Masters","year":"1999","unstructured":"Masters, J. R. W. & Palsson, B. \u00d8. (eds) Human Cell Culture Vol. 1\u20133 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1999)."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35043102","volume":"1","author":"JRW Masters","year":"2000","unstructured":"Masters, J. R. W. Human cancer cell lines: fact and fantasy. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 233\u2013236 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR11","first-page":"2931","volume":"4","author":"II Wistuba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wistuba, I. I. et al. Comparison of features of human breast cancer cell lines and their corresponding tumours. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2931\u20132938 (1998).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR12","first-page":"895","volume":"68","author":"KK Sanford","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sanford, K. K. & Evans, V. J. A quest for the mechanism of 'spontaneous' malignant transformation in culture with associated advances in culture technology. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 68, 895\u2013913 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UKCCCR guidelines for the use of cancer cell lines in cancer research. Br. J. Cancer 82, 1495\u20131509 (2000).","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.1169"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR14","first-page":"141","volume":"59","author":"M Macville","year":"1999","unstructured":"Macville, M. et al. Comprehensive and definitive molecular cytogenetic characterization of HeLa cells by spectral karyotyping. Cancer Res. 59, 141\u2013150 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.97.5.695","volume":"97","author":"WF Scherer","year":"1953","unstructured":"Scherer, W. F., Syverton, J. T. & Gey, G. O. Studies on the propagation in vitro of poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 97, 695\u2013709 (1953).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/38.4.415","volume":"38","author":"RW Brown","year":"1983","unstructured":"Brown, R. W. & Henderson, J. H. M. The mass production and distribution of HeLa cells at Tuskegee Institute, 1953\u201355. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 38, 415\u2013431 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(01)00450-8","volume":"2","author":"CF Arlett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arlett, C. F. The use of dubious cell lines in research: is trust enough? Lancet Oncol. 2, 467 (2001).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR18","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Canadian Cancer Research Conference 1958","author":"KH Rothfels","year":"1958","unstructured":"Rothfels, K. H., Axelrad, A. A., Siminovitch, L., McCulloch, E. A. & Parker, R. C. in Proc. 3rd Canadian Cancer Research Conference 1958 (ed. Begg, R. W.) 189\u2013214 (Academic, New York, 1958)."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR19","first-page":"167","volume":"26","author":"SM Gartler","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gartler, S. M. Genetic markers as tracers in cell culture. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 26, 167\u2013195 (1967).","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/217750a0","volume":"217","author":"SM Gartler","year":"1968","unstructured":"Gartler, S. M. Apparent HeLa cell contamination of human heteroploid cell lines. Nature 217, 750\u2013751 (1968).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4141.1093","volume":"184","author":"WA Nelson-Rees","year":"1974","unstructured":"Nelson-Rees, W. A., Flandermeyer, R. R. & Hawthorne, P. K. Banded marker chromosomes as indicators of intraspecies cellular contamination. Science 184, 1093 (1974).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246601","volume":"191","author":"WA Nelson-Rees","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nelson-Rees, W. A. & Flandermeyer, R. R. HeLa cultures defined. Science 191, 96\u201398 (1976).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6451928","volume":"212","author":"WA Nelson-Rees","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nelson-Rees, W. A., Daniels, D. W. & Flandermeyer, R. R. Cross-contamination of cells in culture. Science 212, 446\u2013452 (1981).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0873","volume":"B356","author":"WA Nelson-Rees","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nelson-Rees, W. A. Responsibility for truth in research. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B356, 849\u2013851 (2001).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Editorial. Responsibility for trust in research. Nature 289, 211\u2013212 (1981).","DOI":"10.1038\/289211b0"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-998-0040-y","volume":"34","author":"O Markovic","year":"1998","unstructured":"Markovic, O. & Markovic, N. Cell cross-contamination in cell cultures: the silent and neglected danger. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 34, 1\u20138 (1998).","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"83","author":"RAF MacLeod","year":"1999","unstructured":"MacLeod, R. A. F. et al. Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumour cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 83, 555\u2013563 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-999-0091-8","volume":"35","author":"WG Dirks","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dirks, W. G., MacLeod, R. A. & Drexler, H. G. ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): cell line cross-contamination at source. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 35, 558\u2013559 (1999).","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexler, H. G., Uphoff, C. C., Dirks, W. G. & MacLeod, R. A. F. Mix\u2013ups and mycoplasma: the enemies within. Leukemia Res. (in the press).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(01)00136-9"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.12.3495","volume":"98","author":"HG Drexler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drexler, H. G., MacLeod, R. A. F. & Dirks, W. G. Cross-contamination: HS-Sultan is not a myeloma but a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. Blood 98, 3495\u20133496 (2001).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121616198","volume":"98","author":"JRW Masters","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masters, J. R. W. et al. STR profiling provides an international reference standard for human cell lines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8012\u20138017 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/35000394","volume":"403","author":"GN Stacey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stacey, G. N. et al. Cell contamination leads to inaccurate data: we must take action now. Nature 403, 356 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-89-21811","volume":"89","author":"H Eagle","year":"1955","unstructured":"Eagle, H. Propagation in a fluid medium of a human epidermoid carcinoma, strain KB. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 89, 362\u2013364 (1955).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29247","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.44.29247","volume":"273","author":"G Kothny-Wilkes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kothny-Wilkes, G. et al. Interleukin-1 protects transformed keratinocytes from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 29247\u201329253 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR35","first-page":"4204","volume":"59","author":"YG Goan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goan, Y. G., Zhou, B., Hu, E., Mi, S. & Yen, Y. Overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase as a mechanism of resistance to 2,2-difluorodeoxycytidine in the human KB cancer cell line. Cancer Res. 59, 4204\u20134207 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1955)8:4<845::AID-CNCR2820080434>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"8","author":"A Fjelde","year":"1955","unstructured":"Fjelde, A. Human tumor cells in tissue culture. Cancer 8, 845\u2013851 (1955).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.23.6361","volume":"19","author":"A Galmiche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Galmiche, A. et al. The N-terminal 34kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J. 19, 6361 (2000).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.12.5491-5497.2001","volume":"75","author":"J Munger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Munger, J., Chee, A. V. & Roizman, B. The U(S)3 protein kinase blocks apoptosis induced by the d120 mutant of herpes simplex virus 1 at a premitochondria stage. J. Virol. 75, 5491\u20135497 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90059-3","volume":"23","author":"L Hayflick","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hayflick, L. The establishment of a line (WISH) of human amnion cells in continuous cultivation. Exp. Cell Res. 23, 14\u201320 (1961).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.6.1677","volume":"64","author":"B Pavan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pavan, B., Biondi, C., Ferretti, M. E., Lunghi, L. & Paganetto, G. 17\u03b2-estadiol modulates prostaglandin E2 release from human amnion-derived wish cells. Biol. Reprod. 64, 1677\u20131681 (2001).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.3.667","volume":"150","author":"B Gayraud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gayraud, B., Keene, D. R., Sakai, L. Y. & Ramirez, F. New insights into the assembly of extracellular microfobrils from the analysis of the fibrillin 1 mutation in the tight skin mouse. J. Cell Biol. 150, 667\u2013680 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR42","first-page":"386","volume":"19","author":"EV Davis","year":"1960","unstructured":"Davis, E. V. & Bolin, V. S. Continuous cultivation of isogenous cell lines from the human embryo. Fed. Proc. 19, 386 (1960).","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.4.4117","volume":"23","author":"M Kasper","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kasper, M. et al. Induction of apoptosis by glyoxal in human embryonic lung epithelial cell line L132. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 23, 485\u2013491 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000050176252","volume":"76","author":"WP Roos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roos, W. P., Binder, A. & Bohm, L. Determination of the initial DNA damage and residual DNA damage remaining after 12 hours of repair in eleven cell lines at low doses of irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76, 1493\u20131500 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.79.1.54","volume":"79","author":"G Henle","year":"1957","unstructured":"Henle, G. & Deinhardt, F. J. The establishment of strains of human cells in tissue culture. J. Immunol. 79, 54\u201359 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.2010","volume":"267","author":"S Takaishi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takaishi, S. et al. Identification of a novel altrenative splicing of human FGF receptor 4: soluble-form splice variant expressed in human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267, 658\u2013662 (2000).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1872","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.6.C1872","volume":"271","author":"T Tsumura","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tsumura, T., Oiki, S., Ueda, S., Okuma, M. & Okada, Y. Sensitivity of volume-sensitive Cl\u2212 conductance in human epithelial cells to extracellular nucleotides. Am. J. Physiol. 271, C1872\u2013C1878 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-87-21406","volume":"87","author":"RS Chang","year":"1954","unstructured":"Chang, R. S. Continuous subcultivation of epithelial-like cells from normal human tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 87, 440\u2013443 (1954).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR49","first-page":"6428","volume":"61","author":"Y Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. A hepatocellular carcinoma-specific adenovirus variant, CV890, eliminates distant human liver tumors in combination with doxorubicin. Cancer Res. 61, 6428\u20136436 (2001).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnrc775_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011263200","volume":"276","author":"YI Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee, Y. I., Kang-Park, S., Do, S. I. & Lee, Y. I. The hepatitis B virus-X protein activates a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 16969\u201316977 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrc775.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrc775","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrc775.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:41:37Z","timestamp":1684467697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrc775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnrc775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-175X","1474-1768"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-175X","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1768","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}