{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:44:25Z","timestamp":1778791465264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nri3344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T06:12:42Z","timestamp":1355465562000},"page":"46-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":796,"title":["The broad-spectrum antiviral functions of IFIT and IFITM proteins"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnri3344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1303","volume":"7","author":"T Kawai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kawai, T. & Akira, S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nature Immunol. 7, 131\u2013137 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.08.004","volume":"32","author":"SE Keating","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keating, S. E., Baran, M. & Bowie, A. G. Cytosolic DNA sensors regulating type I interferon induction. Trends Immunol. 32, 574\u2013581 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115843","volume":"23","author":"AN Theofilopoulos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Theofilopoulos, A. N., Baccala, R., Beutler, B. & Kono, D. H. Type I interferons (\u03b1\/\u03b2) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 307\u2013336 (2005).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00204.x","volume":"202","author":"S Pestka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pestka, S., Krause, C. D. & Walter, M. R. Interferons, interferon-like cytokines, and their receptors. Immunol. Rev. 202, 8\u201332 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15623","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15623","volume":"95","author":"SD Der","year":"1998","unstructured":"Der, S. D., Zhou, A., Williams, B. R. & Silverman, R. H. Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon \u03b1, \u03b2, or \u03b3 using oligonucleotide arrays. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15623\u201315628 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.6.912","volume":"69","author":"MJ de Veer","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Veer, M. J. et al. Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarrays. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 912\u2013920 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21167","volume":"43","author":"RE Lanford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lanford, R. E. et al. Genomic response to interferon-\u03b1 in chimpanzees: implications of rapid downregulation for hepatitis C kinetics. Hepatology 43, 961\u2013972 (2006).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.008","volume":"1","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schoggins, J. W. & Rice, C. M. Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions. Curr. Opin. Virol. 1, 519\u2013525 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.007","volume":"1","author":"T Hatziioannou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hatziioannou, T. & Bieniasz, P. D. Antiretroviral restriction factors. Curr. Opin. Virol. 1, 526\u2013532 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/v3050520","volume":"3","author":"A Le Tortorec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le Tortorec, A., Willey, S. & Neil, S. J. Antiviral inhibition of enveloped virus release by tetherin\/BST-2: action and counteraction. Viruses 3, 520\u2013540 (2011).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.09.033","volume":"143","author":"B Skaug","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skaug, B. & Chen, Z. J. Emerging role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity. Cell 143, 187\u2013190 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0127","volume":"31","author":"KA Fitzgerald","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, K. A. The interferon inducible gene: viperin. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 31, 131\u2013135 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006940","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006940","volume":"2","author":"MH Malim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malim, M. H. & Bieniasz, P. D. HIV restriction factors and mechanisms of evasion. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2, a006940 (2012).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","volume":"472","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schoggins, J. W. et al. A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature 472, 481\u2013485 (2011). This study carried out ectopic expression screens with a large panel of ISGs and viruses to identify candidate host restriction factors with broad and narrow specificities against different families of viruses.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037398","volume":"7","author":"S Karki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karki, S. et al. Multiple interferon stimulated genes synergize with the zinc finger antiviral protein to mediate anti-alphavirus activity. PLoS ONE 7, e37398 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR16","first-page":"233","volume":"316","author":"GC Sen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sen, G. C. & Sarkar, S. N. The interferon-stimulated genes: targets of direct signaling by interferons, double-stranded RNA, and viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 316, 233\u2013250 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0101","volume":"31","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fensterl, V. & Sen, G. C. The ISG56\/IFIT1 gene family. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 31, 71\u201378 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(88)80724-5","volume":"231","author":"MG Wathelet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wathelet, M. G., Clauss, I. M., Content, J. & Huez, G. A. The IFI-56K and IFI-54K interferon-inducible human genes belong to the same gene family. FEBS Lett. 231, 164\u2013171 (1988).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2003.10.007","volume":"28","author":"LD D'Andrea","year":"2003","unstructured":"D'Andrea, L. D. & Regan, L. TPR proteins: the versatile helix. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 655\u2013662 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.07.007","volume":"103","author":"SN Sarkar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sarkar, S. N. & Sen, G. C. Novel functions of proteins encoded by viral stress-inducible genes. Pharmacol. Ther. 103, 245\u2013259 (2004).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.111","volume":"22","author":"Z Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, Z. et al. Crystal structure of ISG54 reveals a novel RNA binding structure and potential functional mechanisms. Cell Res. 22, 1328\u20131338 (2012). This paper reports the first X-ray crystallographic structure of an IFIT family member.","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030106","volume":"3","author":"S Daffis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Daffis, S., Samuel, M. A., Keller, B. C., Gale, M. Jr & Diamond, M. S. Cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against West Nile virus infection by interferon-dependent and independent mechanisms. PLoS Pathog. 3, e106 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.8929","volume":"83","author":"D Levy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levy, D., Larner, A., Chaudhuri, A., Babiss, L. E. & Darnell, J. E. Jr. Interferon-stimulated transcription: isolation of an inducible gene and identification of its regulatory region. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8929\u20138933 (1986).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1591","volume":"24","author":"HA Bluyssen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bluyssen, H. A. et al. Structure, chromosome localization, and regulation of expression of the interferon-regulated mouse Ifi54\/Ifi56 gene family. Genomics 24, 137\u2013148 (1994).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5555","volume":"54","author":"MJ de Veer","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Veer, M. J., Sim, H., Whisstock, J. C., Devenish, R. J. & Ralph, S. J. IFI60\/ISG60\/IFIT4, a new member of the human IFI54\/IFIT2 family of interferon-stimulated genes. Genomics 54, 267\u2013277 (1998).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.6.6.2062","volume":"6","author":"J Kusari","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kusari, J. & Sen, G. C. Regulation of synthesis and turnover of an interferon-inducible mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2062\u20132067 (1986).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605771200","volume":"281","author":"F Terenzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Terenzi, F., Hui, D. J., Merrick, W. C. & Sen, G. C. Distinct induction patterns and functions of two closely related interferon-inducible human genes, ISG54 and ISG56. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 34064\u201334071 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8656","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00322-07","volume":"81","author":"F Terenzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terenzi, F., White, C., Pal, S., Williams, B. R. & Sen, G. C. Tissue-specific and inducer-specific differential induction of ISG56 and ISG54 in mice. J. Virol. 81, 8656\u20138665 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01167-06","volume":"81","author":"C Wacher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wacher, C. et al. Coordinated regulation and widespread cellular expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) ISG-49, ISG-54, and ISG-56 in the central nervous system after infection with distinct viruses. J. Virol. 81, 860\u2013871 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11045","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01593-08","volume":"82","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fensterl, V., White, C. L., Yamashita, M. & Sen, G. C. Novel characteristics of the function and induction of murine p56 family proteins. J. Virol. 82, 11045\u201311053 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5532","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5532-5539.2002","volume":"76","author":"N Grandvaux","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grandvaux, N. et al. Transcriptional profiling of interferon regulatory factor 3 target genes: direct involvement in the regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. J. Virol. 76, 5532\u20135539 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.029","volume":"122","author":"S Ogawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ogawa, S. et al. Molecular determinants of crosstalk between nuclear receptors and Toll-like receptors. Cell 122, 707\u2013721 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45194","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400726200","volume":"279","author":"BJ Barnes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barnes, B. J. et al. Global and distinct targets of IRF-5 and IRF-7 during innate response to viral infection. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45194\u201345207 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4922","volume":"69","author":"YJ Lou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lou, Y. J. et al. IRF-9\/STAT2 functional interaction drives retinoic acid-induced gene G expression independently of STAT1. Cancer Res. 69, 3673\u20133680 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7406","volume":"94","author":"M Yu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yu, M. et al. Cloning of a gene (RIG-G) associated with retinoic acid-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and representing a new member of a family of interferon-stimulated genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7406\u20137411 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.08.005","volume":"31","author":"AG Hinnebusch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinnebusch, A. G. eIF3: a versatile scaffold for translation initiation complexes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 31, 553\u2013562 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0135","volume":"267","author":"J Guo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guo, J., Peters, K. L. & Sen, G. C. Induction of the human protein P56 by interferon, double-stranded RNA, or virus infection. Virology 267, 209\u2013219 (2000).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305038200","volume":"278","author":"DJ Hui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hui, D. J., Bhasker, C. R., Merrick, W. C. & Sen, G. C. Viral stress-inducible protein p56 inhibits translation by blocking the interaction of eIF3 with the ternary complex eIF2.GTP.Met-tRNAi. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 39477\u201339482 (2003). This paper identified IFIT1 as having the capacity to inhibit translation through an interaction with the initiation factor eIF3.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.038","volume":"119","author":"GA Otto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Otto, G. A. & Puglisi, J. D. The pathway of HCV IRES-mediated translation initiation. Cell 119, 369\u2013380 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.11591-11604.2004","volume":"78","author":"R Sumpter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sumpter, R. et al. Viral evolution and interferon resistance of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in a cell culture model. J. Virol. 78, 11591\u201311604 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.7.3898-3912.2003","volume":"77","author":"C Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 77, 3898\u20133912 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12881","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05633-11","volume":"85","author":"A Raychoudhuri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raychoudhuri, A. et al. ISG56 and IFITM1 proteins inhibit hepatitis C virus replication. J. Virol. 85, 12881\u201312889 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(75)90158-0","volume":"4","author":"CM Wei","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wei, C. M., Gershowitz, A. & Moss, B. Methylated nucleotides block 5' terminus of HeLa cell messenger RNA. Cell 4, 379\u2013386 (1975).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.1.318","volume":"72","author":"CM Wei","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wei, C. M. & Moss, B. Methylated nucleotides block 5'- terminus of vaccinia virus messenger RNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 72, 318\u2013322 (1975).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09489","volume":"468","author":"S Daffis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daffis, S. et al. 2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members. Nature 468, 452\u2013456 (2010). This study showed that the 2\u2032- O  methylation of the 5\u2032 cap of viral RNA functions to subvert innate antiviral responses of the host through escape from IFIT-mediated suppression.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002698","volume":"8","author":"KJ Szretter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Szretter, K. J. et al. 2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap by West Nile virus evades Ifit1-dependent and -independent mechanisms of host restriction in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002698 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1979","volume":"12","author":"R Zust","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zust, R. et al. Ribose 2\u2032-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5. Nature Immunol. 12, 137\u2013143 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.17.1.149-159.1976","volume":"17","author":"E Hefti","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hefti, E., Bishop, D. H., Dubin, D. T. & Stollar, V. 5' nucleotide sequence of sindbis viral RNA. J. Virol. 17, 149\u2013159 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11246","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01282-07","volume":"81","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Burke, C. W., Ryman, K. D. & Klimstra, W. B. Identification and characterization of interferon-induced proteins that inhibit alphavirus replication. J. Virol. 81, 11246\u201311255 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2048","volume":"12","author":"A Pichlmair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pichlmair, A. et al. IFIT1 is an antiviral protein that recognizes 5'-triphosphate RNA. Nature Immunol. 12, 624\u2013630 (2011). This report showed that IFIT1 binds to the free 5\u2032-ppp moiety on viral RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus and influenza A virus and inhibits their infection by forming a complex with IFIT2 and IFIT3 that sequesters viral nucleic acids.","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002712","volume":"8","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fensterl, V. et al. Interferon-induced Ifit2\/ISG54 protects mice from lethal VSV neuropathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002712 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10671","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00818-10","volume":"84","author":"H Schmeisser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmeisser, H. et al. Identification of \u03b1 interferon-induced genes associated with antiviral activity in Daudi cells and characterization of IFIT3 as a novel antiviral gene. J. Virol. 84, 10671\u201310680 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.241","volume":"27","author":"F Terenzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Terenzi, F., Saikia, P. & Sen, G. C. Interferon-inducible protein, P56, inhibits HPV DNA replication by binding to the viral protein E1. EMBO J. 27, 3311\u20133321 (2008).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13036","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01194-10","volume":"84","author":"P Saikia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saikia, P., Fensterl, V. & Sen, G. C. The inhibitory action of P56 on select functions of E1 mediates interferon's effect on human papillomavirus DNA replication. J. Virol. 84, 13036\u201313039 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-75","volume":"9","author":"S Berchtold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berchtold, S. et al. Forced IFIT-2 expression represses LPS induced TNF-\u03b1 expression at posttranscriptional levels. BMC Immunol. 9, 75 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900818106","volume":"106","author":"Y Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. ISG56 is a negative-feedback regulator of virus-triggered signaling and cellular antiviral response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 7945\u20137950 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036465","volume":"7","author":"JE McDermott","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDermott, J. E. et al. Identification and validation of Ifit1 as an important innate immune bottleneck. PLoS ONE 7, e36465 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100963","volume":"187","author":"XY Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, X. Y., Chen, W., Wei, B., Shan, Y. F. & Wang, C. IFN-induced TPR protein IFIT3 potentiates antiviral signaling by bridging MAVS and TBK1. J. Immunol. 187, 2559\u20132568 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0158","volume":"31","author":"BX Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, B. X., Rahbar, R. & Fish, E. N. Interferon: current status and future prospects in cancer therapy. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 31, 545\u2013552 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607830103","volume":"103","author":"S Xiao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xiao, S. et al. RIG-G as a key mediator of the antiproliferative activity of interferon-related pathways through enhancing p21 and p27 proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16448\u201316453 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2010.1149","volume":"30","author":"YA Hsu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hsu, Y. A. et al. A novel interaction between interferon-inducible protein p56 and ribosomal protein L15 in gastric cancer cells. DNA Cell Biol. 30, 671\u2013679 (2011).","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.207068","volume":"286","author":"M Stawowczyk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stawowczyk, M., Van Scoy, S., Kumar, K. P. & Reich, N. C. The interferon stimulated gene 54 promotes apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 7257\u20137266 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-155","volume":"13","author":"D Hickford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hickford, D., Frankenberg, S., Shaw, G. & Renfree, M. B. Evolution of vertebrate interferon inducible transmembrane proteins. BMC Genomics 13, 155 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.405","volume":"6","author":"JS Yount","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yount, J. S. et al. Palmitoylome profiling reveals S-palmitoylation-dependent antiviral activity of IFITM3. Nature Chem. Biol. 6, 610\u2013614 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature Chem. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19631","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.362095","volume":"287","author":"JS Yount","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yount, J. S., Karssemeijer, R. A. & Hang, H. C. S-palmitoylation and ubiquitination differentially regulate interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3)-mediated resistance to influenza virus. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 19631\u201319641 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.10.010","volume":"9","author":"SS Tanaka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanaka, S. S., Yamaguchi, Y. L., Tsoi, B., Lickert, H. & Tam, P. P. IFITM\/Mil\/fragilis family proteins IFITM1 and IFITM3 play distinct roles in mouse primordial germ cell homing and repulsion. Dev. Cell 9, 745\u2013756 (2005).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.12.3961","volume":"143","author":"EA Jaffe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jaffe, E. A. et al. IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b1 induce the expression and synthesis of Leu 13 antigen by cultured human endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 143, 3961\u20133966 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16139.x","volume":"199","author":"AR Lewin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lewin, A. R., Reid, L. E., McMahon, M., Stark, G. R. & Kerr, I. M. Molecular analysis of a human interferon-inducible gene family. Eur. J. Biochem. 199, 417\u2013423 (1991).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.7.2207","volume":"145","author":"S Takahashi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Takahashi, S., Doss, C., Levy, S. & Levy, R. TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, is associated on the cell surface with the Leu-13 antigen. J. Immunol. 145, 2207\u20132213 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.6.2915","volume":"151","author":"LE Bradbury","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bradbury, L. E., Goldmacher, V. S. & Tedder, T. F. The CD19 signal transduction complex of B lymphocytes. Deletion of the CD19 cytoplasmic domain alters signal transduction but not complex formation with TAPA-1 and Leu 13. J. Immunol. 151, 2915\u20132927 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00272-08","volume":"28","author":"UC Lange","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lange, U. C. et al. Normal germ line establishment in mice carrying a deletion of the Ifitm\/Fragilis gene family cluster. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 4688\u20134696 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.017","volume":"139","author":"AL Brass","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brass, A. L. et al. The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus. Cell 139, 1243\u20131254 (2009). This study showed that IFITM molecules have antiviral activity against influenza A virus, dengue virus and West Nile virus. It also established that IFITM-mediated restriction targets a process mediated by the entry proteins of these viruses.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002337","volume":"7","author":"EM Feeley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feeley, E. M. et al. IFITM3 inhibits influenza A virus infection by preventing cytosolic entry. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1002337 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001258","volume":"7","author":"IC Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, I. C. et al. Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1001258 (2011). This paper showed that IFITM-mediated restriction could be bypassed by changing the site of fusion to the plasma membrane, and that different IFITM proteins preferentially restrict influenza A virus and Ebola virus.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034508","volume":"7","author":"YK Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan, Y. K., Huang, I. C. & Farzan, M. IFITM proteins restrict antibody-dependent enhancement of Dengue virus infection. PLoS ONE 7, e34508 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02199-09","volume":"84","author":"D Jiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiang, D. et al. Identification of five interferon-induced cellular proteins that inhibit West Nile virus and dengue virus infections. J. Virol. 84, 8332\u20138341 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01531-10","volume":"85","author":"J Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, J. et al. The IFITM proteins inhibit HIV-1 infection. J. Virol. 85, 2126\u20132137 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10921","volume":"484","author":"AR Everitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Everitt, A. R. et al. IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Nature 484, 519\u2013523 (2012). This report showed that mice lacking IFITM3 are highly susceptible to influenza A virus infection, and it associated a human  IFITM3  polymorphism with higher rates of hospitalization from the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002909","volume":"8","author":"CC Bailey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bailey, C. C., Huang, I. C., Kam, C. & Farzan, M. Ifitm3 limits the severity of acute influenza in mice. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002909 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425912443392","volume":"18","author":"YS Wee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wee, Y. S., Roundy, K. M., Weis, J. J. & Weis, J. H. Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins of the innate immune response act as membrane organizers by influencing clathrin and v-ATPase localization and function. Innate Immun. 18, 834\u2013845 (2012).","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2061","volume":"12","author":"A Ablasser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ablasser, A. & Hornung, V. Where, in antiviral defense, does IFIT1 fit? Nature Immunol. 12, 588\u2013590 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri3344_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05539","volume":"446","author":"SR Radoshitzky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Radoshitzky, S. R. et al. Transferrin receptor 1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Nature 446, 92\u201396 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3344.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3344","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3344.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T10:36:32Z","timestamp":1744281392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri3344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnri3344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3344","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-1733","1474-1741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-1733","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2012","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}