{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:14:27Z","timestamp":1778526867076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nri820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,3]],"date-time":"2018-02-03T07:42:09Z","timestamp":1517643729000},"page":"417-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":367,"title":["No one is naive: the significance of heterologous T-cell immunity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liisa K.","family":"Selin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFnri820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3999-4004.1998","volume":"72","author":"A Matthew","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matthew, A. et al. Predominance of HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to serotype-cross-reactive epitopes on nonstructural proteins following natural secondary dengue virus infection. J. Virol. 72, 3999\u20134004 (1998).This study shows that different dengue-virus serotypes have high homology in terms of T-cell epitopes, and they induce crossreactive T-cell responses.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S830","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S830","volume":"11","author":"SB Halstead","year":"1989","unstructured":"Halstead, S. B. Antibody, macrophages, dengue-virus infection, shock and hemorrhage: a pathogenetic cascade. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11, S830\u2013S839 (1989).","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80195-6","volume":"89","author":"PJ Bjorkman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bjorkman, P. J. MHC restriction in three dimensions: a view of T-cell receptor\/ligand interactions. Cell 89, 167\u2013170 (1997).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.51","volume":"17","author":"JW Yewdell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yewdell, J. W. & Bennink, J. R. Immunodominance in major histocompatibility complex class-I-restricted T-lymphocyte responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 51\u201388 (1999).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/351290a0","volume":"351","author":"K Falk","year":"1991","unstructured":"Falk, K., Rotzschke, O., Stevanovic, S., Jung, G. & Rammensee, H. Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules. Nature 351, 290\u2013296 (1991).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/87720","volume":"2","author":"SM Kaech","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaech, S. M. & Ahmed, R. Memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naive cells. Nature Immunol. 2, 415\u2013422 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/87730","volume":"2","author":"MJ van Stipdonk","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Stipdonk, M. J., Lemmens, E. E. & Schoenberger, S. P. Naive CTLs require a single brief period of antigenic stimulation for clonal expansion and differentiation. Nature Immunol. 2, 423\u2013429 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.6833","volume":"165","author":"R Mercado","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mercado, R. et al. Early programming of T-cell populations responding to bacterial infection. J. Immunol. 165, 6833\u20136839 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2489","volume":"183","author":"LK Selin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Selin, L. K., Vergilis, K., Welsh, R. M. & Nahill, S. R. Reduction of otherwise remarkably stable virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte memory by heterologous viral infections. J. Exp. Med. 183, 2489\u20132499 (1996).This study quantifies the expanding number of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during viral infections, and shows that this population remains stable in long-term memory, and that heterologous virus infections disrupt this stability and cause reductions in the memory response to previously encountered viruses.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR10","first-page":"79","volume":"147","author":"ES Razvi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Razvi, E. S., Jiang, Z., Woda, B. A. & Welsh, R. M. Lymphocyte apoptosis during the silencing of the immune response to acute viral infections in normal, lpr and Bcl-2-transgenic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 147, 79\u201391 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058867","volume":"291","author":"D Masopust","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masopust, D., Vezys, V., Marzo, A. L. & Lefrancois, L. Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue. Science 291, 2413\u20132417 (2001).Memory T cells reside at high frequencies in peripheral organs.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101132698","volume":"98","author":"DR Marshall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marshall, D. R. et al. Measuring the diaspora for virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6313\u20136318 (2001).This report describes how memory CD8+ T cells migrate into peripheral organs as they disappear from the lymphoid organs at the end stage of the T-cell response to viral infections.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8934","volume":"240","author":"RG Van der Most","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van der Most, R. G. et al. Identification of Db- and Kb-restricted subdominant cytotoxic T-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Virology 240, 158\u2013167 (1998).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80161-2","volume":"12","author":"W Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen, W., Anton, L. C., Bennink, J. R. & Yewdell, J. W. Dissecting the multifactorial causes of immunodominance in class-I-restricted T-cell responses to viruses. Immunity 12, 83\u201393 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.12.5555","volume":"157","author":"A Vitiello","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vitiello, A. et al. Immunodominance analysis of CTL responses to influenza PR8 virus reveals two dominant and subdominant Kb-restricted epitopes. J. Immunol. 157, 5555\u20135562 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1059::AID-IMMU1059>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"29","author":"PG Stevenson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stevenson, P. G., Belz, G. T., Altman, J. D. & Doherty, P. C. Changing patterns of dominance in the CD8+ T-cell response during acute and persistent murine \u03b3-herpesvirus infection. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 1059\u20131067 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7619-7626.1999","volume":"73","author":"ME Wallace","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wallace, M. E., Keating, R., Heath, W. R. & Carbone, F. R. The cytotoxic T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of C57BL\/6 mice is almost entirely directed against a single immunodominant determinant. J. Virol. 73, 7619\u20137626 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.5.2404","volume":"165","author":"GT Belz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belz, G. T., Stevenson, P. G. & Doherty, P. C. Contemporary analysis of MHC-related immunodominance hierarchies in the CD8+ T-cell response to influenza A viruses. J. Immunol. 165, 2404\u20132409 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.1993","volume":"188","author":"MY Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin, M. Y. & Welsh, R. M. Stability and diversity of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire usage during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1993\u20132005 (1998).The virus-induced T-cell repertoire usage differs between genetically identical mice, even though the specificity of the CD8+ T-cell response is similar.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80599-3","volume":"9","author":"P Bousso","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bousso, P. et al. Individual variations in the murine T-cell response to a specific peptide reflect variability in naive repertoire. Immunity 9, 169\u2013178 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6081","volume":"165","author":"JN Blattman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blattman, J. N., Sourdive, D. J., Murali-Krishna, K., Ahmed, R. & Altman, J. D. Evolution of the T-cell repertoire during primary, memory and recall responses to viral infection. J. Immunol. 165, 6081\u20136090 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01299-7","volume":"19","author":"D Mason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mason, D. A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell repertoire. Immunol. Today 19, 395\u2013404 (1998).This paper provides theoretical calculations that indicate that T cells must be highly crossreactive.","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(88)90026-3","volume":"113","author":"Z Tabi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tabi, Z., Lynch, F., Ceredig, R., Allan, J. E. & Doherty, P. C. Virus-specific memory T cells are Pgp-1+ and can be selectively activated with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Cell. Immunol. 113, 268\u2013277 (1988).","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90161-D","volume":"14","author":"LM Bradley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bradley, L. M., Croft, M. & Swain, S. L. T-cell memory: new perspectives. Immunol. Today 14, 197\u2013199 (1993).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2141","volume":"184","author":"M Pihlgren","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pihlgren, M., Dubois, P. M., Tomkowiak, M., Sjogren, T. & Marvel, J. Resting memory CD8+ T cells are hyperactive to antigenic challenge in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 184, 2141\u20132151 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3236","volume":"160","author":"JM Curtsinger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Curtsinger, J. M., Lins, D. C. & Mescher, M. F. CD8+ memory T cells (CD44high, Ly-6C+) are more sensitive than naive cells (CD44low, Ly6C\u2212) to TCR\/CD8 signaling in response to antigen. J. Immunol. 160, 3236\u20133243 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/76907","volume":"1","author":"H Veiga-Fernandes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Veiga-Fernandes, H., Walter, U., Bourgeois, C., McLean, A. & Rocha, B. Response of naive and memory CD8 T cells to antigen stimulation in vivo. Nature Immunol. 1, 47\u201353 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.11.3654","volume":"138","author":"JM Sheil","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sheil, J. M., Bevan, M. J. & Lefrancois, L. Characterization of dual-reactive H-2Kb-restricted anti-vesicular stomatitis virus and alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. J. Immunol. 138, 3654\u20133660 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.153.5.1371","volume":"153","author":"TJ Braciale","year":"1981","unstructured":"Braciale, T. J., Andrew, M. E. & Braciale, V. L. Simultaneous expression of H-2-restricted and alloreactive recognition by a cloned line of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 153, 1371\u20131376 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(92)90041-U","volume":"29","author":"RW Anderson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Anderson, R. W., Bennick, J. R., Yewdell, J. W., Maloy, W. L. & Coligan, J. E. Influenza basic polymerase 2 peptides are recognized by influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Mol. Immunol. 29, 1089\u20131096 (1992).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(91)90080-4","volume":"28","author":"K Kuwano","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kuwano, K., Reyes, R. E., Humphreys, R. E. & Ennis, F. A. Recognition of disparate HA and NS1 peptides by an H-2kd-restricted, influenza-specific CTL clone. Mol. Immunol. 28, 1\u20137 (1991).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.4.1186","volume":"136","author":"H Yang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yang, H. & Welsh, R. M. Induction of alloreactive cytotoxic T cells by acute virus infection of mice. J. Immunol. 136, 1186\u20131193 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.2.660","volume":"143","author":"BE Tomkinson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tomkinson, B. E., Maziarz, R. & Sullivan, J. L. Characterization of the T-cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity during infectious mononucleosis. J. Immunol. 143, 660\u2013670 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830170717","volume":"17","author":"G Strang","year":"1987","unstructured":"Strang, G. & Rickinson, A. B. Multiple HLA class-I-dependent cytotoxicities constitute the 'non-HLA-restricted' response in infectious mononucleosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 1007\u20131013 (1987).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270720","volume":"27","author":"SR Burrows","year":"1997","unstructured":"Burrows, S. R. et al. Cross-reactive memory T cells for Epstein\u2013Barr virus augment the alloresponse to common human leukocyte antigens: degenerate recognition of major histocompatibility complex-bound peptide by T cells and its role in alloreactivity. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 1726\u20131736 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01429-7","volume":"20","author":"SR Burrows","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burrows, S. R., Khanna, R., Silins, S. L. & Moss, D. J. The influence of antiviral T-cell responses on the alloreactive repertoire. Immunol. Today 20, 203\u2013207 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.2.317","volume":"177","author":"SR Nahill","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nahill, S. R. & Welsh, R. M. High frequency of cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited during the virus-induced polyclonal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. J. Exp. Med. 177, 317\u2013327 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.6.1933","volume":"179","author":"LK Selin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Selin, L. K., Nahill, S. R. & Welsh, R. M. Cross-reactivities in memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition of heterologous viruses. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1933\u20131943 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.5.1710","volume":"142","author":"H Yang","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yang, H., Dundon, P. L., Nahill, S. R. & Welsh, R. M. Virus-induced polyclonal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte stimulation. J. Immunol. 142, 1710\u20131718 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80559-2","volume":"8","author":"C Daniel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Daniel, C., Horvath, S. & Allen, P. M. A basis for alloreactivity: MHC helical residues broaden peptide recognition by the TCR. Immunity 8, 543\u2013552 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80560-9","volume":"8","author":"JA Speir","year":"1998","unstructured":"Speir, J. A. et al. Structural basis of 2C TCR allorecognition of H-2Ld peptide complexes. Immunity 8, 553\u2013562 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3883","volume":"160","author":"SM Alam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alam, S. M. & Gascoigne, N. R. Posttranslational regulation of TCR V\u03b1 allelic exclusion during T-cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 160, 3883\u20133890 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.5.2210-2218.2000","volume":"74","author":"RM Welsh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Welsh, R. M. et al. Virus-induced abrogation of transplantation tolerance induced by donor-specific transfusion and anti-CD154 antibody. J. Virol. 74, 2210\u20132218 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9144","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9144-9151.2000","volume":"74","author":"MR Betts","year":"2000","unstructured":"Betts, M. R. et al. Putative immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses cannot be predicted by major histocompatibility complex class I haplotype. J. Virol. 74, 9144\u20139151 (2000).These authors show that predictable hierarchies of immunodominant epitopes of HIV are not seen in the 'wild' human population.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.14.6279-6291.2001","volume":"75","author":"CL Day","year":"2001","unstructured":"Day, C. L. et al. Relative dominance of epitope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected persons with shared HLA alleles. J. Virol. 75, 6279\u20136291 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.124.3.347","volume":"124","author":"S Fazekas de St Groth","year":"1966","unstructured":"Fazekas de St Groth, S. & Webster, R. G. Disquisitions on original antigenic sin. II. Proof in lower creatures. J. Exp. Med. 124, 347\u2013361 (1966).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.9.1319","volume":"190","author":"JB Haanan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haanan, J. B., Wolkers, M. C., Kruisbeek, A. M. & Schumacher, T. N. Selective expansion of cross-reactive CD8+ memory T cells by viral variants. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1319\u20131328 (1999).This study used viral strain-specific tetramers to show that a related virus will selectively stimulate the expansion of crossreactive but not non-crossreactive CD8+ T-cell populations during infection.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/28860","volume":"394","author":"P Klenerman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klenerman, P. & Zinkernagel, R. M. Original antigenic sin impairs cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to viruses bearing variant epitopes. Nature 394, 421\u2013422 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1947","volume":"272","author":"DF Tough","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tough, D. F., Borrow, P. & Sprent, J. Induction of bystander T-cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo. Science 272, 1947\u20131950 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00119-9","volume":"65","author":"J Sprent","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sprent, J., Zhang, X., Sun, S. & Tough, D. T-cell turnover in vivo and the role of cytokines. Immunol. Lett. 65, 21\u201325 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.9.1629","volume":"185","author":"CC Zarozinski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zarozinski, C. C. & Welsh, R. M. Minimal bystander activation of CD8 T cells during the virus-induced polyclonal T-cell response. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1629\u20131639 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5965-5976.2001","volume":"75","author":"JM McNally","year":"2001","unstructured":"McNally, J. M. et al. Attrition of bystander CD8 T cells during virus-induced T-cell and interferon responses. J. Virol. 75, 5965\u20135976 (2001).This report shows that non-virus-specific 'bystander' CD8+ T cells are reduced in number during virus infections and that type I IFN induces the apoptosis of memory CD8+ T cells.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.17720.x","volume":"177","author":"S Mahalingam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mahalingam, S., Foster, P. S., Lobigs, S., Farber, J. M. & Karupiah, G. Interferon-inducible chemokines and immunity to poxvirus infections. Immunol. Rev. 177, 127\u2013133 (2000).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.6983","volume":"167","author":"DJ Topham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Topham, D. J., Castrucci, M., Wingo, F. S., Belz, G. T. & Doherty, P. C. The role of antigen in the localization of naive, acutely activated and memory CD8+ T cells to the lung during influenza pneumonia. J. Immunol. 167, 6983\u20136990 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5466.675","volume":"288","author":"CC Ku","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ku, C. C., Murakami, M., Sakamoto, A., Kappler, J. & Marrack, P. Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines. Science 288, 675\u2013678 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8597","volume":"96","author":"KJ Flynn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flynn, K. J., Riberdy, J. M., Christensen, J. P., Altman, J. D. & Doherty, P. C. In vivo proliferation of naive and memory influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8597\u20138602 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.9.4435-4438.2001","volume":"75","author":"GT Belz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Belz, G. T. & Doherty, P. C. Virus-specific and bystander CD8+ T-cell proliferation in the persistent phases of a \u03b3-herpesvirus infection. J. Virol. 75, 4435\u20134438 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.5.2753","volume":"167","author":"SJ Turner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Turner, S. J., Cross, R., Xie, W. & Doherty, P. C. Concurrent naive and memory CD8+ T-cell responses to an influenza virus. J. Immunol. 167, 2753\u20132758 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/369648a0","volume":"369","author":"LL Lau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lau, L. L., Jamieson, B. D., Somasundaram, T. & Ahmed, R. Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen. Nature 369, 648\u2013652 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/90950","volume":"7","author":"D Homann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Homann, D., Teyton, L. & Oldstone, M. B. Differential regulation of antiviral T-cell immunity results in stable CD8+ but declining CD4+ memory. Nature Med. 7, 892\u2013893 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.2.620","volume":"154","author":"ES Razvi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Razvi, E. S., Welsh, R. M. & McFarland, H. I. In vivo state of antiviral CTL precursors: characterization of a cycling population containing CTL precursors in immune mice. J. Immunol. 154, 620\u2013632 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8073282","volume":"265","author":"J Sprent","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sprent, J. & Tough, D. F. Lymphocyte life-span and memory. Science 265, 1395\u20131400 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1367","volume":"183","author":"C Zimmermann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zimmermann, C., Brduscha-Riem, K., Blaser, C., Zinkernagel, R. M. & Pircher, H. Visualization, characterization and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1367\u20131375 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80147-8","volume":"11","author":"LK Selin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Selin, L. K. et al. Attrition of T-cell memory: selective loss of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) epitope-specific memory CD8 T cells following infections with heterologous viruses. Immunity 11, 733\u2013742 (1999).This study shows that CD8+ T cells that are specific for previously encountered viruses are reduced in number by heterologous viral infections, and there is a selective loss of some specificities but not others.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/ni727","volume":"2","author":"HD Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, H. D. et al. Memory CD8+ T cells in heterologous antiviral immunity and immunopathology in the lung. Nature Immunol. 2, 1067\u20131076 (2001).This study shows the recruitment and activation of LCMV-specific memory T cells into the lung during vaccinia virus infection, which results in marked immunopathology in a respiratory model of heterologous immunity.","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3215","volume":"161","author":"SM Varga","year":"1998","unstructured":"Varga, S. M. & Welsh, R. M. Cutting edge: detection of a high frequency of virus-specific CD4+ T cells during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Immunol. 161, 3215\u20133218 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.9.4429-4432.2000","volume":"74","author":"SM Varga","year":"2000","unstructured":"Varga, S. M. & Welsh, R. M. High frequency of virus-specific interleukin-2-producing CD4+ T cells and TH1 dominance during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J. Virol. 74, 4429\u20134432 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.3.1554","volume":"166","author":"SM Varga","year":"2001","unstructured":"Varga, S. M., Selin, L. K. & Welsh, R. M. Independent regulation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific T-cell memory pools: relative stability of CD4 memory under conditions of CD8 memory T-cell loss. J. Immunol. 166, 1554\u20131561 (2001).This study shows that heterologous viral infections cause less of a decline in CD4+ T-cell memory than they do in CD8+ T-cell memory.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.9.1705","volume":"188","author":"LK Selin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Selin, L. K., Varga, S. M., Wong, I. C. & Welsh, R. M. Protective heterologous antiviral immunity and enhanced immunopathogenesis mediated by memory T-cell populations. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1705\u20131715 (1998).This shows the principle of heterologous immunity and immunopathology during viral infections.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1092-9134(98)80026-9","volume":"2","author":"C Schlesinger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schlesinger, C., Meyer, C. A., Veeraraghavan, S. & Koss, M. N. Constrictive (obliterative) bronchiolitis: diagnosis, etiology and a critical review of the literature. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 2, 321\u2013334 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5361.248","volume":"280","author":"HL Ploegh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ploegh, H. L. Viral strategies of immune evasion. Science 280, 248\u2013253 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.481","volume":"311","author":"P Aaby","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aaby, P. et al. Non-specific beneficial effect of measles immunisation: analysis of mortality studies from developing countries. BMJ 311, 481\u2013485 (1995).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb01010.x","volume":"159","author":"PC Doherty","year":"1997","unstructured":"Doherty, P. C. et al. Effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mechanisms in the control of respiratory virus infections. Immunol. Rev. 159, 105\u2013117 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8682","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8682-8689.1998","volume":"72","author":"J Jameson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jameson, J., Cruz, J. & Ennis, F. A. Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte repertoire to influenza A viruses. J. Virol. 72, 8682\u20138689 (1998).This paper identifies several influenza virus T-cell epitopes, some of which are crossreactive between strains.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR75","first-page":"173","volume":"120","author":"H Yang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yang, H., Joris, I., Majno, G. & Welsh, R. M. Necrosis of adipose tissue induced by sequential infections with unrelated viruses. Am. J. Pathol. 120, 173\u2013177 (1985).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR76","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"J Bolognia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bolognia, J. & Braverman, I. M. In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (eds Isselbacher, K. J. et al.) 290\u2013307 (McGraw\u2013Hill, New York, 1992)."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5355.1344","volume":"279","author":"Z-S Zhao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.-S., Granucci, F., Yeh, L., Schaffer, P. A. & Cantor, H. Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus type-1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279, 1344\u20131347 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2371","volume":"184","author":"CF Evans","year":"1996","unstructured":"Evans, C. F., Horwitz, M. S., Hobbs, M. V. & Oldstone, M. B. Viral infection of transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in oligodendrocytes leads to chronic central nervous system autoimmune disease. J. Exp. Med. 184, 2371\u20132384 (1996).This study shows that a virus can break tolerance to a transgene in the brain and induce transient encephalitis, which will undergo remission until exacerbated by a heterologous virus infection.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80030-2","volume":"11","author":"SL Swain","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swain, S. L. Helper T-cell differentiation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 180\u2013185 (1999).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200106)31:6<1765::AID-IMMU1765>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"31","author":"N Ismail","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ismail, N. & Bretscher, P. A. More antigen-dependent CD4+ T cell\/CD4+ T cell interactions are required for the primary generation of TH2 than of TH1 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 1765\u20131771 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F11","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.3.F11","volume":"194","author":"SL Swain","year":"2001","unstructured":"Swain, S. L. Interleukin-18: tipping the balance towards a T helper cell 1 response. J. Exp. Med. 194, F11\u2013F14 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2760","volume":"166","author":"L Cohn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cohn, L., Herrick, C., Niu, N., Homer, R. & Bottomly, K. IL-4 promotes airways eosinophilia by suppressing IFN-\u03b3 production: defining a novel role for IFN-\u03b3 in the regulation of allergic airway inflammation. J. Immunol. 166, 2760\u20132767 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)80008-X","volume":"19","author":"GA Rook","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rook, G. A. & Stanford, J. L. Give us this day our daily germs. Immunol. Today 19, 113\u2013116 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00209-6","volume":"15","author":"SM Varga","year":"2001","unstructured":"Varga, S. M., Wang, X., Welsh, R. M. & Braciale, T. J. Immunopathology in RSV infection is mediated by a discrete oligoclonal subset of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Immunity 15, 637\u2013646 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120954","volume":"89","author":"AZ Kapikian","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kapikian, A. Z., Mitchell, R. H., Chanock, R. M., Shvedoff, R. A. & Stewart, C. E. An epidemiological study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89, 405\u2013421 (1969).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.9.1309","volume":"190","author":"L Cohn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cohn, L., Homer, R. J., Niu, N. & Bottomly, K. T helper 1 cells and interferon-\u03b3 regulate allergic airway inflammation and mucus production. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1309\u20131318 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115362","volume":"88","author":"BS Graham","year":"1991","unstructured":"Graham, B. S., Bunton, L. A., Wright, P. F. & Karzon, D. T. Role of T-lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of primary infection and rechallenge with respiratory syncytial virus in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1026\u20131033 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.9.1317","volume":"192","author":"G Walzl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walzl, G., Tafuro, S., Moss, P., Openshaw, P. J. & Hussell, T. Influenza virus lung infection protects from respiratory syncytial virus-induced immunopathology. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1317\u20131326 (2000).A heterologous influenza-virus infection can alter the ability of a vaccinia-virus recombinant to prime a host to make a damaging T H 2-like response to RSV.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8485-8495.1999","volume":"73","author":"TR Johnson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnson, T. R. & Graham, B. S. Secreted respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein induces interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and eosinophilia by an IL-4-dependent mechanism. J. Virol. 73, 8485\u20138495 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5296.77","volume":"275","author":"T Shirakawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shirakawa, T., Enomoto, T., Shimazu, S. & Hopkin, J. M. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 275, 77\u201379 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","volume":"332","author":"FD Martinez","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martinez, F. D. et al. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 133\u2013138 (1995).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91617-7","volume":"347","author":"SO Shaheen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shaheen, S. O. et al. Measles and atopy in Guinea\u2013Bissau. Lancet 347, 1792\u20131796 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.561","volume":"187","author":"KJ Erb","year":"1998","unstructured":"Erb, K. J., Holloway, J. W., Sobeck, A., Moll, H. & Le Gros, G. Infection of mice with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette\u2013Guerin (BCG) suppresses allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. J. Exp. Med. 187, 561\u2013569 (1998).This study shows that a history of BCG infection can render a host refractory to the induction of a T H 2 response by an allergen.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11392","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11392-11400.2001","volume":"75","author":"H Wedemeyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wedemeyer, H., Mizukoshi, E., Davis, A. R., Bennink, J. R. & Rehermann, B. Cross-reactivity between hepatitis C virus and influenza A virus determinant-specific cytotoxic T cells. J. Virol. 75, 11392\u201311400 (2001).Defines a strong crossreactive epitope between hepatitis C virus and influenza virus.","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1956.00250250097013","volume":"98","author":"L Weinstein","year":"1956","unstructured":"Weinstein, L. & Meade, R. H. Respiratory manifestations of chickenpox. Arch. Intern. Med. 98, 91\u201399 (1956).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR96","first-page":"2397","volume-title":"Virology","author":"AB Rickinson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rickinson, A. B. & Kieff, E. In Virology Vol. 2 (eds Fields, B. N. et al.) 2397\u20132446 (Lippincott\u2013Raven, Philadelphia, 1996)."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0784","volume":"356","author":"DJ Moss","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moss, D. J., Burrows, S. R., Silins, S. L., Misko, I. & Khanna, R. The immunology of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356, 475\u2013488 (2001).","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12433","volume":"107","author":"R Kaul","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaul, R. et al. CD8+ lymphocytes respond to different HIV epitopes in seronegative and infected subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 1303\u20131310 (2001).This study provides evidence of HIV-specific T cells in seronegative and HIV-negative subjects at high risk of HIV infection.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010398","volume":"345","author":"HL Tillmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tillmann, H. L. et al. Infection with GB virus C and reduced mortality among HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 715\u2013724 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003364","volume":"345","author":"J Xiang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xiang, J. et al. Effect of coinfection with GB virus C on survival among patients with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 707\u2013714 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.3.1740233","volume":"6","author":"LA Barnett","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barnett, L. A. & Fujinami, R. S. Molecular mimicry: a mechanism for autoimmune injury. FASEB J. 6, 840\u2013844 (1992).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"BFnri820_CR102","first-page":"198","volume":"3","author":"CA Janeway","year":"1995","unstructured":"Janeway, C. A. Innate immunity acknowledged. Immunologist 3, 198\u2013200 (1995).","journal-title":"Immunologist"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR103","first-page":"609","volume":"114","author":"BR Smoller","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smoller, B. R., Weishar, M. & Gray, M. H. An unusual cutaneous manifestation in Crohn's disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114, 609\u2013610 (1990).","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"BFnri820_CR104","unstructured":"Brehm, M. B. et al. T-cell immunodominance and maintenance of memory regulated by unexpectedly cross-reactive pathogens. Nature Immunol. (in the press). This study shows that cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses during heterologous virus infections influence immunodominance, as the T cells that are specific for the cross-reactive memory epitopes dominate acute responses to the second virus and are preferentially maintained in memory of the first virus, whereas non-crossreactive memory T cells are lost."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri820.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri820","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri820.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T14:18:02Z","timestamp":1684851482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nri820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnri820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri820","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1163469.625194","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1474-1733","1474-1741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-1733","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}