{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:34:50Z","timestamp":1781555690924,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7743","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0919-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T14:05:49Z","timestamp":1549461949000},"page":"212-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":338,"title":["Discrete attractor dynamics underlies persistent activity in the frontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"566","author":[{"given":"Hidehiko K.","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fontolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"919_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.3.337","volume":"34","author":"K Kubota","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kubota, K. & Niki, H. Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 337\u2013347 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.5.1062","volume":"39","author":"J Tanji","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tanji, J. & Evarts, E. V. Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. J. Neurophysiol. 39, 1062\u20131068 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.61.2.331","volume":"61","author":"S Funahashi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey\u2019s dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 331\u2013349 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","volume":"399","author":"R Romo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Romo, R., Brody, C. D., Hernandez, A. & Lemus, L. Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Nature 399, 470\u2013473 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"919_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1716","volume":"9","author":"G Maimon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maimon, G. & Assad, J. A. A cognitive signal for the proactive timing of action in macaque LIP. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 948\u2013955 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.020","volume":"81","author":"ZV Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, Z. V. et al. Flow of cortical activity underlying a tactile decision in mice. Neuron 81, 179\u2013194 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.010","volume":"72","author":"JC Erlich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erlich, J. C., Bialek, M. & Brody, C. D. A cortical substrate for memory-guided orienting in the rat. Neuron 72, 330\u2013343 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150509","volume":"36","author":"KV Shenoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shenoy, K. V., Sahani, M. & Churchland, M. M. Cortical control of arm movements: a dynamical systems perspective. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 36, 337\u2013359 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3152-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"HK Inagaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inagaki, H. K., Inagaki, M., Romani, S. & Svoboda, K. Low-dimensional and monotonic preparatory activity in mouse anterior lateral motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 38, 4163\u20134185 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.023","volume":"49","author":"K Svoboda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Svoboda, K. & Li, N. Neural mechanisms of movement planning: motor cortex and beyond. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 49, 33\u201341 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"919_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17643","volume":"532","author":"N Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, N., Daie, K., Svoboda, K. & Druckmann, S. Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning. Nature 532, 459\u2013464 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"919_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22324","volume":"545","author":"ZV Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo, Z. V. et al. Maintenance of persistent activity in a frontal thalamocortical loop. Nature 545, 181\u2013186 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"919_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z. et al. A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning. Nature 563, 113\u2013116 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0633-x"},{"key":"919_CR14","unstructured":"Johnston, D. & Wu, S. M.-S. Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995)."},{"key":"919_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4237","volume":"19","author":"R Chaudhuri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, R. & Fiete, I. Computational principles of memory. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 394\u2013403 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3492","volume":"16","author":"S Lim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lim, S. & Goldman, M. S. Balanced cortical microcircuitry for maintaining information in working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1306\u20131314 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01868-3","volume":"24","author":"XJ Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, X. J. Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity. Trends Neurosci. 24, 455\u2013463 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.012","volume":"61","author":"MS Goldman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldman, M. S. Memory without feedback in a neural network. Neuron 61, 621\u2013634 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.3.237","volume":"7","author":"DJ Amit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amit, D. J. & Brunel, N. Model of global spontaneous activity and local structured activity during delay periods in the cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 7, 237\u2013252 (1997).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"919_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3645","volume":"17","author":"K Wimmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wimmer, K., Nykamp, D. Q., Constantinidis, C. & Compte, A. Bump attractor dynamics in prefrontal cortex explains behavioral precision in spatial working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 431\u2013439 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nn893","volume":"5","author":"AA Koulakov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koulakov, A. A., Raghavachari, S., Kepecs, A. & Lisman, J. E. Model for a robust neural integrator. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 775\u2013782 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-014006","volume":"40","author":"J Zylberberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zylberberg, J. & Strowbridge, B. W. Mechanisms of persistent activity in cortical circuits: possible neural substrates for working memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 40, 603\u2013627 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00320393","volume":"49","author":"SC Cannon","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cannon, S. C., Robinson, D. A. & Shamma, S. A proposed neural network for the integrator of the oculomotor system. Biol. Cybern. 49, 127\u2013136 (1983).","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"919_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00050-3","volume":"13","author":"CD Brody","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brody, C. D., Romo, R. & Kepecs, A. Basic mechanisms for graded persistent activity: discrete attractors, continuous attractors, and dynamic representations. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 204\u2013211 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"919_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104171","volume":"307","author":"CK Machens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Machens, C. K., Romo, R. & Brody, C. D. Flexible control of mutual inhibition: a neural model of two-interval discrimination. Science 307, 1121\u20131124 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.10.008","volume":"25","author":"O Barak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barak, O. & Tsodyks, M. Working models of working memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 25, 20\u201324 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"919_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150769","volume":"319","author":"G Mongillo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mongillo, G., Barak, O. & Tsodyks, M. Synaptic theory of working memory. Science 319, 1543\u20131546 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2554","volume":"79","author":"JJ Hopfield","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hopfield, J. J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2554\u20132558 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"919_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1109\/T-C.1972.223477","volume":"C21","author":"SI Amari","year":"1972","unstructured":"Amari, S. I. Learning patterns and pattern sequences by self-organizing nets of threshold elements. IEEE Trans. Comput. C21, 1197\u20131206 (1972).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"919_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3844","volume":"92","author":"R Ben-Yishai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ben-Yishai, R., Bar-Or, R. L. & Sompolinsky, H. Theory of orientation tuning in visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3844\u20133848 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"919_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.23.13339","volume":"93","author":"HS Seung","year":"1996","unstructured":"Seung, H. S. How the brain keeps the eyes still. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13339\u201313344 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"919_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1393","volume":"8","author":"Y Loewenstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loewenstein, Y. et al. Bistability of cerebellar Purkinje cells modulated by sensory stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 202\u2013211 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01171","volume":"420","author":"AV Egorov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Egorov, A. V., Hamam, B. N., Fransen, E., Hasselmo, M. E. & Alonso, A. A. Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons. Nature 420, 173\u2013178 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"919_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4835","volume":"356","author":"SS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, S. S., Rouault, H., Druckmann, S. & Jayaraman, V. Ring attractor dynamics in the Drosophila central brain. Science 356, 849\u2013853 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5498.1968","volume":"290","author":"JS Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, J. S., Lampl, I., Gillespie, D. C. & Ferster, D. The contribution of noise to contrast invariance of orientation tuning in cat visual cortex. Science 290, 1968\u20131972 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/84023","volume":"4","author":"E Aksay","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aksay, E., Gamkrelidze, G., Seung, H. S., Baker, R. & Tank, D. W. In vivo intracellular recording and perturbation of persistent activity in a neural integrator. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 184\u2013193 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2137","volume":"11","author":"SR Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams, S. R. & Mitchell, S. J. Direct measurement of somatic voltage clamp errors in central neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 790\u2013798 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008837311948","volume":"5","author":"M Camperi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Camperi, M. & Wang, X. J. A model of visuospatial working memory in prefrontal cortex: recurrent network and cellular bistability. J. Comput. Neurosci. 5, 383\u2013405 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.12.037","volume":"69","author":"AK Churchland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Churchland, A. K. et al. Variance as a signature of neural computations during decision making. Neuron 69, 818\u2013831 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117386109","volume":"109","author":"Y Burak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burak, Y. & Fiete, I. R. Fundamental limits on persistent activity in networks of noisy neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 17645\u201317650 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"919_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3762-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2006","unstructured":"Churchland, M. M., Yu, B. M., Ryu, S. I., Santhanam, G. & Shenoy, K. V. Neural variability in premotor cortex provides a signature of motor preparation. J. Neurosci. 26, 3697\u20133712 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strogatz, S. H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: with Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering (Addison-Wesley, Boston, 1994).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4823332"},{"key":"919_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1386","volume":"8","author":"P Janssen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Janssen, P. & Shadlen, M. N. A representation of the hazard rate of elapsed time in macaque area LIP. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 234\u2013241 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/35087595","volume":"412","author":"Y Komura","year":"2001","unstructured":"Komura, Y. et al. Retrospective and prospective coding for predicted reward in the sensory thalamus. Nature 412, 546\u2013549 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"919_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108905","volume":"308","author":"TJ Wills","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wills, T. J., Lever, C., Cacucci, F., Burgess, N. & O\u2019Keefe, J. Attractor dynamics in the hippocampal representation of the local environment. Science 308, 873\u2013876 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.08.033","volume":"88","author":"CD Kopec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kopec, C. D., Erlich, J. C., Brunton, B. W., Deisseroth, K. & Brody, C. D. Cortical and subcortical contributions to short-term memory for orienting movements. Neuron 88, 367\u2013377 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01005","volume":"29","author":"AT Piet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piet, A. T., Erlich, J. C., Kopec, C. D. & Brody, C. D. Rat prefrontal cortex inactivations during decision making are explained by bistable attractor dynamics. Neural Comput. 29, 2861\u20132886 (2017).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"919_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3282","volume":"16","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suzuki, M. & Gottlieb, J. Distinct neural mechanisms of distractor suppression in the frontal and parietal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 98\u2013104 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.312","volume":"291","author":"DJ Freedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Freedman, D. J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T. & Miller, E. K. Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 291, 312\u2013316 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"919_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916","volume":"86","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1916\u20131936 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030159","volume":"3","author":"S Hippenmeyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hippenmeyer, S. et al. A developmental switch in the response of DRG neurons to ETS transcription factor signaling. PLoS Biol. 3, e159 (2005).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"919_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3078","volume":"15","author":"L Madisen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Madisen, L. et al. A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 793\u2013802 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1668","volume":"8","author":"S Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao, S. et al. Cell type-specific channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice for optogenetic dissection of neural circuitry function. Nat. Methods 8, 745\u2013752 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"919_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088678","volume":"9","author":"ZV Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, Z. V. et al. Procedures for behavioral experiments in head-fixed mice. PLoS ONE 9, e88678 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"919_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00574.2004","volume":"93","author":"AM Taberner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taberner, A. M. & Liberman, M. C. Response properties of single auditory nerve fibers in the mouse. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 557\u2013569 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0098-3","volume":"8","author":"JR Ison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ison, J. R., Allen, P. D. & O\u2019Neill, W. E. Age-related hearing loss in C57BL\/6J mice has both frequency-specific and non-frequency-specific components that produce a hyperacusis-like exaggeration of the acoustic startle reflex. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 8, 539\u2013550 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"919_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.2.909","volume":"84","author":"JS Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, J. S., Carandini, M. & Ferster, D. Orientation tuning of input conductance, excitation, and inhibition in cat primary visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 909\u2013926 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"919_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4412","volume":"19","author":"J Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, J., Gutnisky, D. A., Hires, S. A. & Svoboda, K. Layer 4 fast-spiking interneurons filter thalamocortical signals during active somatosensation. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1647\u20131657 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00064-3","volume":"37","author":"C Monier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monier, C., Chavane, F., Baudot, P., Graham, L. J. & Fregnac, Y. Orientation and direction selectivity of synaptic inputs in visual cortical neurons: a diversity of combinations produces spike tuning. Neuron 37, 663\u2013680 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap,\u00a01 edn\u00a0(Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 1994).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9_1"},{"key":"919_CR61","unstructured":"van der Leeden, R. in Handbook of Multilevel Analysis (eds J. de Leeuw & E. Meijer) 401\u2013433 (Springer, 2008)."},{"key":"919_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3648","volume":"17","author":"E Aarts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aarts, E., Verhage, M., Veenvliet, J. V., Dolan, C. V. & van der Sluis, S. A solution to dependency: using multilevel analysis to accommodate nested data. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 491\u2013496 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"919_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, J. J. et al. Real-time spike sorting platform for high-density extracellular probes with ground-truth validation and drift correction. Preprint at\u00a0 https:\/\/www.bioRxiv.org\/content\/early\/2017\/01\/19\/101030 (2017).","DOI":"10.1101\/101030"},{"key":"919_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.9.910","volume":"10","author":"A Compte","year":"2000","unstructured":"Compte, A., Brunel, N., Goldman-Rakic, P. S. & Wang, X. J. Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model. Cereb. Cortex 10, 910\u2013923 (2000).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"919_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(72)86068-5","volume":"12","author":"HR Wilson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Wilson, H. R. & Cowan, J. D. Excitatory and inhibitory interactions in localized populations of model neurons. Biophys. J. 12, 1\u201324 (1972).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"919_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619449114","volume":"114","author":"JD Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray, J. D. et al. Stable population coding for working memory coexists with heterogeneous neural dynamics in prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 394\u2013399 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"919_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.02.005","volume":"61","author":"BK Murphy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy, B. K. & Miller, K. D. Balanced amplification: a new mechanism of selective amplification of neural activity patterns. Neuron 61, 635\u2013648 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"919_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030035","volume":"3","author":"O Barak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barak, O. & Tsodyks, M. Persistent activity in neural networks with dynamic synapses. PLoS Comput. Biol. 3, e35 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-0919-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-0919-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-0919-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T17:52:52Z","timestamp":1684605172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-019-0919-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7743","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-0919-7","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.735010994.793560364","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/203448","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}