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Assessing this hypothesis has been difficult because previous measures of socioeconomic mixing have relied on static residential housing data rather than real-life exposures among people at work, in places of leisure and in home neighbourhoods<jats:sup>7,8<\/jats:sup>. Here we develop a measure of exposure segregation that captures the socioeconomic diversity of these everyday encounters. Using mobile phone mobility data to represent 1.6\u2009billion real-world exposures among 9.6\u2009million people in the United States, we measure exposure segregation across 382 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 2,829 counties. We find that exposure segregation is 67% higher in the ten largest MSAs than in small MSAs with fewer than 100,000 residents. This means that, contrary to expectations, residents of large cosmopolitan areas have less exposure to a socioeconomically diverse range of individuals. Second, we find that the increased socioeconomic segregation in large cities arises because they offer a greater choice of differentiated spaces targeted to specific socioeconomic groups. Third, we find that this segregation-increasing effect is countered when a city\u2019s hubs (such as shopping centres) are positioned to bridge diverse neighbourhoods and therefore attract people of all socioeconomic statuses. Our findings challenge a long-standing conjecture in human geography and highlight how urban design can both prevent and facilitate encounters among diverse individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06757-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T17:02:04Z","timestamp":1701277324000},"page":"586-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Human mobility networks reveal increased segregation in large cities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"624","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Nilforoshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Looi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nic","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Sholar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Redbird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Grusky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jure","family":"Leskovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"6757_CR1","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. 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