{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:08:47Z","timestamp":1772136527760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wearable devices provide a means of tracking hand position in relation to the head, but have mostly relied on wrist-worn inertial measurement unit sensors and proximity sensors, which are inadequate for identifying specific locations. This limits their utility for accurate and precise monitoring of behaviors or providing feedback to guide behaviors. A potential clinical application is monitoring body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), recurrent, injurious behaviors directed toward the body, such as nail biting and hair pulling, which are often misdiagnosed and undertreated. Here, we demonstrate that including thermal sensors achieves higher accuracy in position tracking when compared against inertial measurement unit and proximity sensor data alone. Our Tingle device distinguished between behaviors from six locations on the head across 39 adult participants, with high AUROC values (best was back of the head: median (1.0), median absolute deviation (0.0); worst was on the cheek: median (0.93), median absolute deviation (0.09)). This study presents preliminary evidence of the advantage of including thermal sensors for position tracking and the Tingle wearable device\u2019s potential use in a wide variety of settings, including BFRB diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0092-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1552550766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thermal sensors improve wrist-worn position tracking"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake J.","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon C.","family":"Clucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Curt","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anirudh","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Vogelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Milham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"92_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.05.004","volume":"33","author":"S Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts, S., O\u2019Connor, K. & B\u00e9langer, C. Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 33, 745\u2013762 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"92_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1207","volume":"67","author":"DW Woods","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woods, D. W. et al. The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): exploring phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment utilization. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67, 1877\u20131888 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"92_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.06.013","volume":"46","author":"JA Himle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Himle, J. A., Perlman, D. M. & Lokers, L. M. Prototype awareness enhancing and monitoring device for trichotillomania. Behav. Res. Ther. 46, 1187\u20131191 (2008).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"92_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conelea, C. A., Frank, H. E. & Walther, M. R. in Treatments for Psychological Problems and Syndromes (eds. McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S. & Storch, E. A.) 11, 309\u2013327 (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2017).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118877142.ch21"},{"key":"92_CR5","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000)."},{"key":"92_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00001","volume":"2","author":"L Schreiber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schreiber, L., Odlaug, B. L. & Grant, J. E. Impulse control disorders: updated review of clinical characteristics and pharmacological management. Front. Psychiatry 2, 1 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"92_CR7","unstructured":"HabitAware. HabitAware - Awareness Bracelet for Trichotillomania, Dermatillomania. HabitAware Available at: https:\/\/habitaware.com\/."},{"key":"92_CR8","unstructured":"Pavlok. Change your habits and life with Pavlok | Pavlok. https:\/\/pavlok.com\/."},{"key":"92_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter, S. & Schmidhuber, J. Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9, 1735\u20131780 (1997).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"92_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00142-2","volume":"30","author":"AP Bradley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bradley, A. P. The use of the area under the ROC curve in the evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Pattern Recognit. 30, 1145\u20131159 (1997).","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"92_CR11","unstructured":"Kionix Inc. \u00b12g\/4g\/8g Tri - axis Digital Accelerometer Specifications (Kionix, 2018)."},{"key":"92_CR12","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics. Proximity and ambient light sensing (ALS) module (STMicroelectronics, 2016)."},{"key":"92_CR13","unstructured":"Melexis. MLX90615 Infra Red Thermometer (Melexis, 2013)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0092-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0092-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0092-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:28:04Z","timestamp":1671283684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0092-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["92"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0092-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/552174","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}