{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:01:40Z","timestamp":1777183300033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Body movements drop with sleep, and this behavioural signature is widely exploited to infer sleep duration. However, a reduction in body movements may also occur in periods of intense cognitive activity, and the ubiquitous use of smartphones may capture these wakeful periods otherwise hidden in the standard measures of sleep. Here, we continuously captured the gross body movements using standard wrist-worn accelerometers to quantify sleep (actigraphy) and logged the timing of the day-to-day touchscreen events (\u2018tappigraphy\u2019). Using these measures, we addressed how the gross body movements overlap with the cognitively engaging digital behaviour (from\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200979 individuals, accumulating ~1400 nights). We find that smartphone use was distributed across a broad spectrum of physical activity levels, but consistently peaked at rest. We estimated the putative sleep onset and wake-up times from the actigraphy data to find that these times were well correlated to the estimates from tappigraphy (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9 for sleep-onset time and wake-up time). However, actigraphy overestimated sleep as virtually all of the users used their phones during the putative sleep period. Interestingly, the probability of touches remained greater than zero for ~2\u2009h after the putative sleep onset, and ~2\u2009h before the putative wake-up time. Our findings suggest that touchscreen interactions are widely integrated into modern sleeping habits\u2014surrounding both sleep onset and waking-up periods\u2014yielding a new approach to measuring sleep. Smartphone interactions can be leveraged to update the behavioural signatures of sleep with these peculiarities of modern digital behaviour.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0147-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T06:21:36Z","timestamp":1564381296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Capturing sleep\u2013wake cycles by using day-to-day smartphone touchscreen interactions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jay N.","family":"Borger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reto","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arko","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.4.288","volume":"18","author":"A Sadeh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sadeh, A., Hauri, P. J., Kripke, D. F. & Lavie, P. The role of actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders. Sleep 18, 288\u2013302 (1995).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"147_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1872","volume":"139","author":"JL Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin, J. L. & Hakim, A. D. Wrist actigraphy. Chest 139, 1514\u20131527 (2011).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"147_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.5.461","volume":"15","author":"RJ Cole","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cole, R. J., Kripke, D. F., Gruen, W., Mullaney, D. J. & Gillin, J. C. Automatic sleep\/wake identification from wrist activity. Sleep 15, 461\u2013469 (1992).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"147_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.08.005","volume":"27","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roenneberg, T. Twitter as a means to study temporal behaviour. Curr. Biol. 27, R830\u2013R832 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"147_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.016","volume":"28","author":"E Leypunskiy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leypunskiy, E. et al. Geographically resolved rhythms in twitter use reveal social pressures on daily activity patterns. Curr. Biol. 28, 3763\u20133775.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"147_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Min, J.-K et al. Toss \u2018N\u2019 Turn: Smartphone As Sleep and Sleep Quality Detector. In: (ed. Busse, D) Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 477\u2013486 (ACM, Toronto, Canada, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556288.2557220.","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557220"},{"key":"147_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4840","volume":"11","author":"S Bhat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhat, S. et al. Is there a clinical role for smartphone sleep apps? Comparison of sleep cycle detection by a smartphone application to polysomnography. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 11, 709\u2013715 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"147_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.2.283","volume":"31","author":"T Blackwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blackwell, T. et al. Comparison of sleep parameters from actigraphy and polysomnography in older women: the SOF study. Sleep 31, 283\u2013291 (2008).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"147_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.1.81","volume":"26","author":"L de Souza","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Souza, L. et al. Further validation of actigraphy for sleep studies. Sleep 26, 81\u201385 (2003).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"147_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00355-3","volume":"72","author":"G Jean-Louis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jean-Louis, G., Kripke, D. F., Cole, R. J., Assmus, J. D. & Langer, R. D. Sleep detection with an accelerometer actigraph: comparisons with polysomnography. Physiol. Behav. 72, 21\u201328 (2001).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"147_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","volume":"174","author":"DER Warburton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W. & Bredin, S. S. D. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J. 174, 801\u2013809 (2006).","journal-title":"CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"147_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218-223.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.054","volume":"205","author":"Andrew K. Przybylski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Przybylski, A. K. Digital screen time and pediatric sleep: evidence from a preregistered cohort study. J. Pediatr. 205, 218\u2013223.e1 (2019).","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"147_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0176-x","volume":"44","author":"S Lemola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F. & Grob, A. Adolescents\u2019 electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone. Age. J. Youth Adolesc. 44, 405\u2013418 (2015).","journal-title":"Age. J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"147_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00858.x","volume":"20","author":"JC Kanady","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanady, J. C., Drummond, S. P. A. & Mednick, S. C. Actigraphic assessment of a polysomnographic-recorded nap: a validation study. J. Sleep. Res. 20, 214\u2013222 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"147_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00814.x","volume":"20","author":"AVD Water","year":"2011","unstructured":"Water, A. V. D., Holmes, A. & Hurley, D. Objective measurements of sleep for non-laboratory settings as alternatives to polysomnography\u2014a systematic review. J. Sleep. Res. 20, 183\u2013200 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"147_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0246","volume":"7","author":"EJ Stepanski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stepanski, E. J. & Wyatt, J. K. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep. Med. Rev. 7, 215\u2013225 (2003).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"147_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-017-0011-3","volume":"1","author":"M Balerna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balerna, M. & Ghosh, A. The details of past actions on a smartphone touchscreen are reflected by intrinsic sensorimotor dynamics. Npj Digit. Med. 1, 4 (2018).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med"},{"key":"147_CR18","first-page":"777","volume":"2011","author":"A Sano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sano, A. & Picard, R. W. Toward a taxonomy of autonomic sleep patterns with electrodermal activity. Conf. Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Annu. Conf. 2011, 777\u2013780 (2011).","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Annu. Conf."},{"key":"147_CR19","first-page":"305","volume":"6","author":"W Nelson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nelson, W., Tong, Y. L., Lee, J. K. & Halberg, F. Methods for cosinor-rhythmometry. Chronobiologia 6, 305\u2013323 (1979).","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"147_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00917.x","volume":"21","author":"C McCall","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCall, C. & McCall, W. V. Comparison of actigraphy with polysomnography and sleep logs in depressed insomniacs. J. Sleep Res. 21, 122\u2013127 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"147_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.20.2225","volume":"168","author":"K Eguchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eguchi, K. et al. Short sleep duration as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in japanese patients with hypertension. JAMA Intern. Med. 168, 2225\u20132231 (2008).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0147-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0147-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0147-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:31:15Z","timestamp":1671283875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-019-0147-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0147-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/479014","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Arko Ghosh is a co-founder of QuantActions Ltd, Lausanne, Switzerland. This company focuses on converting smartphone taps to mental health indicators. Software and data collection services from QuantActions were used to monitor smartphone activity.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"73"}}