{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T20:42:29Z","timestamp":1781815349949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Digital health metrics promise to advance the understanding of impaired body functions, for example in neurological disorders. However, their clinical integration is challenged by an insufficient validation of the many existing and often abstract metrics. Here, we propose a data-driven framework to select and validate a clinically relevant core set of digital health metrics extracted from a technology-aided assessment. As an exemplary use-case, the framework is applied to the Virtual Peg Insertion Test (VPIT), a technology-aided assessment of upper limb sensorimotor impairments. The framework builds on a use-case-specific pathophysiological motivation of metrics, models demographic confounds, and evaluates the most important clinimetric properties (discriminant validity, structural validity, reliability, measurement error, learning effects). Applied to 77 metrics of the VPIT collected from 120 neurologically intact and 89 affected individuals, the framework allowed selecting 10 clinically relevant core metrics. These assessed the severity of multiple sensorimotor impairments in a valid, reliable, and informative manner. These metrics provided added clinical value by detecting impairments in neurological subjects that did not show any deficits according to conventional scales, and by covering sensorimotor impairments of the arm and hand with a single assessment. The proposed framework provides a transparent, step-by-step selection procedure based on clinically relevant evidence. This creates an interesting alternative to established selection algorithms that optimize mathematical loss functions and are not always intuitive to retrace. This could help addressing the insufficient clinical integration of digital health metrics. For the VPIT, it allowed establishing validated core metrics, paving the way for their integration into neurorehabilitation trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0286-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1590732147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A data-driven framework for selecting and validating digital health metrics: use-case in neurological sensorimotor impairments"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1214-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Kanzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike D.","family":"Rinderknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Lamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremia P. O.","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Feys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas R.","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Gassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Lambercy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"286_CR1","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2001)."},{"key":"286_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","volume":"32","author":"ES Lawrence","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lawrence, E. S. et al. Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population. Stroke 32, 1279\u20131284 (2001).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-053","volume":"15","author":"I Kister","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kister, I. et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis symptoms. Int. J. MS Care 15, 146\u2013158 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"286_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-200409000-00013","volume":"27","author":"C Gagnon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gagnon, C., Desrosiers, J. & Mathieu, J. Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of charlevoix-saguenay: upper extremity aptitudes, functional independence and social participation. Int. J. Rehabilit. Res. 27, 253\u2013256 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabilit. Res."},{"key":"286_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.018","volume":"246","author":"N Yozbatiran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yozbatiran, N., Baskurt, F., Baskurt, Z., Ozakbas, S. & Idiman, E. Motor assessment of upper extremity function and its relation with fatigue, cognitive function and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neurol. Sci. 246, 117\u2013122 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.023","volume":"95","author":"I Lamers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lamers, I., Kelchtermans, S., Baert, I. & Feys, P. Upper limb assessment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of outcome measures and their psychometric properties. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit. 95, 1184\u20131200 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"286_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154792","volume":"11","author":"L Santisteban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santisteban, L. et al. Upper limb outcome measures used in stroke rehabilitation studies: a systematic literature review. PLoS ONE 11, 1932\u20136203 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"286_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00567","volume":"10","author":"J Burridge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burridge, J. et al. A Systematic review of International Clinical Guidelines for Rehabilitation of People with neurological conditions: what recommendations are made for upper limb assessment?. Front. Neurol. 10, 1\u201314 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"286_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/154596802401105171","volume":"16","author":"DJ Gladstone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gladstone, D. J., Danells, C. J. & Black, S. E. The Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 16, 232\u2013240 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308331146","volume":"23","author":"HM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, H. M., Chen, C. C., Hsueh, I. P., Huang, S. L. & Hsieh, C. L. Test\u2013retest reproducibility and smallest real difference of 5 hand function tests in patients with stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 23, 435\u2013440 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023006","volume":"50","author":"RL Hawe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hawe, R. L., Scott, S. H. & Dukelow, S. P. Taking proportional out of stroke recovery. Stroke 50, 204\u2013211 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy302","volume":"142","author":"TMH Hope","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hope, T. M. H. et al. Recovery after stroke: not so proportional after all? Brain 142, 15\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"286_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023531","volume":"50","author":"A Schwarz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwarz, A., Kanzler, C. M., Lambercy, O., Luft, A. R. & Veerbeek, J. M. Systematic review on kinematic assessments of upper limb movements after stroke. Stroke 50, 718\u2013727 (2019).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-017-0005-1","volume":"1","author":"SR Steinhubl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinhubl, S. R. & Topol, E. J. Digital medicine, on its way to being just plain medicine. npj Digit. Med. 1, 20175 (2018).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"286_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1382-x","volume":"17","author":"J Car","year":"2019","unstructured":"Car, J., Sheikh, A., Wicks, P. & Williams, M. S. Beyond the hype of big data and artificial intelligence: building foundations for knowledge and wisdom. BMC Med. 17, 143 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"286_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0203-0","volume":"2","author":"SR Steinhubl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinhubl, S. R., Wolff-Hughes, D. L., Nilsen, W., Iturriaga, E. & Califf, R. M. Digital clinical trials: creating a vision for the future. npj Digit. Med. 2, 126 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"286_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1426-2","volume":"17","author":"CJ Kelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelly, C. J., Karthikesalingam, A., Suleyman, M., Corrado, G. & King, D. Key challenges for delivering clinical impact with artificial intelligence. BMC Med. 17, 195 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"286_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002296","volume":"45","author":"HI Krebs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krebs, H. I. et al. Robotic measurement of arm movements after stroke establishes biomarkers of motor recovery. Stroke 45, 200\u2013204 (2014).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.03.189","volume":"40","author":"PB Shull","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shull, P. B., Jirattigalachote, W., Hunt, M. A., Cutkosky, M. R. & Delp, S. L. Quantified self and human movement: a review on the clinical impact of wearable sensing and feedback for gait analysis and intervention. Gait Posture 40, 11\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"286_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3390\/app7100986","volume":"7","author":"B Eskofier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eskofier, B. et al. An overview of smart shoes in the internet of health things: gait and mobility assessment in health promotion and disease monitoring. Appl. Sci. 7, 986 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317732662","volume":"31","author":"G Kwakkel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G. et al. Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: consensus-based core recommendations from the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 31, 784\u2013792 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0076-7","volume":"2","author":"SC Mathews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathews, S. C. et al. Digital health: a path to validation. npj Digit. Med. 2, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"286_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0519-7","volume":"16","author":"C Shirota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirota, C., Balasubramanian, S. & Melendez-Calderon, A. Technology-aided assessments of sensorimotor function: current use, barriers and future directions in the view of different stakeholders. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 16, 53 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.12.005","volume":"53","author":"V DoTran","year":"2018","unstructured":"DoTran, V., Dario, P. & Mazzoleni, S. Kinematic measures for upper limb robot-assisted therapy following stroke and correlations with clinical outcome measures: a review. Med. Eng. Phys. 53, 13\u201331 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"286_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1798-3","volume":"27","author":"CAC Prinsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prinsen, C. A. C. et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual. Life Res. 27, 1147\u20131157 (2018).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"286_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00082","volume":"11","author":"N Shishov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shishov, N., Melzer, I. & Bar-Haim, S. Parameters and measures in assessment of motor learning in neurorehabilitation; a systematic review of the literature. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 1\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"286_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019873519","volume":"14","author":"G Kwakkel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G. et al. Standardized measurement of quality of upper limb movement after stroke: consensus-based core recommendations from the Second Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable. Int. J. Stroke 14, 783\u2013791 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-13-132","volume":"13","author":"PR Williamson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williamson, P. R. et al. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials 13, 1\u20138 (2012).","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"286_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.11.013","volume":"67","author":"M Boers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boers, M. et al. Developing core outcome measurement sets for clinical trials: OMERACT filter 2.0. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 67, 745\u2013753 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"286_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002447","volume":"14","author":"JJ Kirkham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirkham, J. J. et al. Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Development: the COS-STAD recommendations. PLoS Med. 14, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"286_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm344","volume":"23","author":"Y Saeys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saeys, Y., Inza, I. & Larra\u00f1aga, P. A review of feature selection techniques in bioinformatics. Bioinformatics 23, 2507\u20132517 (2007).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"286_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-015-5528-6","volume":"102","author":"B Ustun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ustun, B. & Rudin, C. Supersparse linear integer models for optimized medical scoring systems. Mach. Learn. 102, 349\u2013391 (2016).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"286_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","volume":"58","author":"R Tibshirani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tibshirani, R. Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso. J. R. Stat. Soc. 58, 267\u2013288 (1996).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"286_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fluet, M., Lambercy, O. & Gassert, R. Upper limb assessment using a virtual peg insertion test. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE 1\u20136 (2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975348"},{"key":"286_CR35","unstructured":"Lambercy, O. et al. Assessment of upper limb motor function in patients with multiple sclerosis using the virtual peg insertion test: a pilot study. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE 1\u20136 (2003)."},{"key":"286_CR36","unstructured":"Hofmann, P., Held, J. P., Gassert, R. & Lambercy, O. Assessment of movement patterns in stroke patients: a case study with the virtual peg insertion test. In Proc International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology (i-CREATe) 2016. Singapore Therapeutic, Assistive & Rehabilitative Technologies (START) Centre 14, 1\u20134 (Assistive & Rehabilitative Technologies (START) Centre, Singapore Therapeutic, 2016)."},{"key":"286_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0116-y","volume":"13","author":"BC Tobler-Ammann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tobler-Ammann, B. C. et al. Concurrent validity and test\u2013retest reliability of the virtual peg insertion test to quantify upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabilit. 13, 8 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabilit."},{"key":"286_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanzler, C. M., Gomez, S. M., Rinderknecht, M. D., Gassert, R. & Lambercy, O. Influence of arm weight support on a robotic assessment of upper limb function. In Proc. 7th IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). IEEE 1\u20136 (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2018.8487682"},{"key":"286_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanzler, C. M. et al. An objective functional evaluation of myoelectrically-controlled hand prostheses: a pilot study using the Virtual Peg Insertion Test. In IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE 392\u2013397 (2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2019.8779550"},{"key":"286_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291817","volume":"35","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1970","unstructured":"Kaiser, H. F. A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika 35, 401\u2013415 (1970).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"286_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","volume":"39","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kaiser, H. F. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39, 31\u201336 (1974).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"286_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1555-2","volume":"17","author":"CAC Prinsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prinsen, C. A. C. et al. How to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a Core Outcome Set\u2014a practical guideline. Trials 17, 1\u201310 (2016).","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"286_CR43","first-page":"1157","volume":"3","author":"I Guyon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guyon, I. & Elisseeff, A. An introduction to variable and feature selection. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3, 1157\u20131182 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"286_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx106","volume":"5","author":"ZH Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. H. A brief introduction to weakly supervised learning. Natl Sci. Rev. 5, 44\u201353 (2018).","journal-title":"Natl Sci. Rev."},{"key":"286_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S129601","volume":"12","author":"MD Rinderknecht","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rinderknecht, M. D., Lambercy, O., Raible, V., Liepert, J. & Gassert, R. Age-based model for metacarpophalangeal joint proprioception in elderly. Clin. Interv. Aging 12, 635\u2013643 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"286_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S37573","volume":"7","author":"T Kalisch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kalisch, T., Kattenstroth, J. C., Kowalewski, R., Tegenthoff, M. & Dinse, H. Age-related changes in the joint position sense of the human hand. Clin. Interv. Aging 7, 499 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"286_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-43","volume":"11","author":"TM Herter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herter, T. M., Scott, S. H. & Dukelow, S. P. Systematic changes in position sense accompany normal aging across adulthood. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11, 1\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-47","volume":"11","author":"K Tyryshkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tyryshkin, K. et al. A robotic object hitting task to quantify sensorimotor impairments in participants with stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11, 47 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998610396895","volume":"37","author":"J Verkuilen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verkuilen, J. & Smithson, M. Mixed and mixture regression models for continuous bounded responses using the beta distribution. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 37, 82\u2013113 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"key":"286_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00992.x","volume":"45","author":"S Derksen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Derksen, S. & Keselman, H. J. Backward, forward and stepwise automated subset selection algorithms: Frequency of obtaining authentic and noise variables. Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 45, 265\u2013282 (1992).","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00103-1","volume":"52","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Steyerberg, E. W., Eijkemans, M. J. C. & Habbema, J. D. F. Stepwise selection in small data sets. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 52, 935\u2013942 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"286_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell, F.E. Regression Modeling Strategies, Vol. 27, Springer Series in Statistics (Springer, New York, NY, 2001).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1"},{"key":"286_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x","volume":"75","author":"MJ Whittingham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whittingham, M. J., Stephens, P. A., Bradbury, R. B. & Freckleton, R. P. Why do we still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behaviour? J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 1182\u20131189 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"286_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392","volume":"47","author":"PM Fitts","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fitts, P. M. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. J. Exp. Psychol. 47, 381 (1954).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/29528","volume":"394","author":"CM Harris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harris, C. M. & Wolpert, D. M. Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394, 780\u2013784 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"286_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309345267","volume":"24","author":"SP Dukelow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dukelow, S. P. et al. Quantitative assessment of limb position sense following stroke. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 24, 178\u2013187 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229662","volume":"95","author":"RJ Flanagan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Flanagan, R. J. & Wing, A. M. Modulation of grip force with load force during point-to-point arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 95, 301\u2013324 (1993).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"286_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410941","volume":"25","author":"K Sathian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sathian, K. et al. Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: common clinical deficits. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 25, 21\u201332 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1427","volume":"5","author":"SH Scott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scott, S. H. Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 532\u2013546 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"286_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149","volume":"1","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A. & Chakravarty, A. Spasticity mechanisms\u2014for the clinician. Front. Neurol. 1, 1\u201310 (2010).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"286_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215160","volume":"589","author":"SN Baker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baker, S. N. The primate reticulospinal tract, hand function and functional recovery. J. Physiol. 589, 5603\u20135612 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"286_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307303401","volume":"22","author":"R Colombo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Colombo, R. et al. Assessing mechanisms of recovery during robot-aided neurorehabilitation of the upper limb. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 22, 50\u201363 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309356091","volume":"24","author":"AM Coderre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coderre, A. M. et al. Assessment of upper-limb sensorimotor function of subacute stroke patients using visually guided reaching. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 24, 528\u2013541 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312448234","volume":"26","author":"MA Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy, M. A., Will\u00e9n, C. & Sunnerhagen, K. S. Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 26, 1106\u20131115 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0084-2","volume":"2","author":"LC Kourtis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kourtis, L. C., Regele, O. B., Wright, J. M. & Jones, G. B. Digital biomarkers for Alzheimeras disease: the mobile\/wearable devices opportunity. npj Digit. Med. 2, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"286_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-1-11","volume":"1","author":"A Viau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viau, A., Feldman, A. G., McFadyen, B. J. & Levin, M. F. Reaching in reality and virtual reality: a comparison of movement kinematics in healthy subjects and in adults with hemiparesis. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 1, 1\u20137 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.05.015","volume":"138","author":"EC Magdalon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magdalon, E. C., Michaelsen, S. M., Quevedo, A. A. & Levin, M. F. Comparison of grasping movements made by healthy subjects in a 3-dimensional immersive virtual versus physical environment. Acta Psychol. 138, 126\u2013134 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518809294","volume":"24","author":"I Lamers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lamers, I. & Feys, P. Patient reported outcome measures of upper limb function in multiple sclerosis: a critical overview. Mult. Scler. J. 24, 1792\u20131794 (2018).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"286_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.593368","volume":"41","author":"SK Subramanian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Subramanian, S. K., Yamanaka, J., Chilingaryan, G. & Levin, M. F. Validity of movement pattern kinematics as measures of arm motor impairment poststroke. Stroke 41, 2303\u20132308 (2010).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"286_CR70","unstructured":"Kanzler, C. M. et al. A data-driven framework for the selection and validation of digital health metrics: use-case in neurological sensorimotor impairments. Preprint at https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2019\/12\/10\/544601 (2019)."},{"key":"286_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/153944928500500102","volume":"5","author":"V Mathiowetz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mathiowetz, V., Weber, K., Kashman, N. & Volland, G. Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. Occup. Ther. J. Res. 5, 24\u201338 (1985).","journal-title":"Occup. Ther. J. Res."},{"key":"286_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","volume":"39","author":"V Mathiowetz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mathiowetz, V., Volland, G., Kashman, N. & Weber, K. Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 39, 386\u2013391 (1985).","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.09.032","volume":"347","author":"C Gagnon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gagnon, C. et al. The virtual peg insertion test as an assessment of upper limb coordination in ARSACS patients: a pilot study. J. Neurol. Sci. 347, 341\u2013344 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"P Feys","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feys, P., Coninx, K., Kerkhofs, L., De Weyer, T. & Truyens, V. et al. Robot-supported upper limb training in a virtual learning environment: a pilot randomized controlled trial in persons with MS. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 12, 1\u201312 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.06.014","volume":"34","author":"I Lamers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamers, I. et al. Intensity-dependent clinical effects of an individualized technology-supported task-oriented upper limb training program in. Relat. Disord. 34, 119\u2013127 (2019).","journal-title":"Relat. Disord."},{"key":"286_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/0065955X.1988.11981769","volume":"38","author":"JI Lang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lang, J. I. & Lang, T. J. Eye screening with the lang stereotest. Am. Orthopt. J. 38, 48\u201350 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. Orthopt. J."},{"key":"286_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2012.06.005","volume":"26","author":"CE Lang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lang, C. E., Bland, M. D., Bailey, R. R., Schaefer, S. Y. & Birkenmeier, R. L. Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: foundations for clinical decision making. J. Hand Ther. 26, 104\u2013115 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"286_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410940","volume":"25","author":"SH Frey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frey, S. H., Fogassi, L., Grafton, S., Picard, N. & Rothwell, J. C. et al. Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: computation, anatomy, and physiology (CAP) model. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 25, 6S\u201320S (2011).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-137","volume":"11","author":"N Nordin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nordin, N., Xie, S. Q., W\u00fcnsche, B. & Wunsche, B. Assessment of movement quality in robot- assisted upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a review. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11, 137 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985","volume":"5","author":"T Flash","year":"1985","unstructured":"Flash, T. & Hogan, N. The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model. J. Neurosci. 5, 1688\u20131703 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"286_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-18-08297.2002","volume":"22","author":"B Rohrer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rohrer, B. et al. Movement smoothness changes during stroke recovery. J. Neurosci. 22, 8297\u20138304 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"286_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20343-y","volume":"8","author":"L Pellegrino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pellegrino, L., Coscia, M., Muller, M., Solaro, C. & Casadio, M. Evaluating upper limb impairments in multiple sclerosis by exposure to different mechanical environments. Sci. Rep. 8, 2110 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"286_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179545","volume":"59","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, S., Melendez-Calderon, A. & Burdet, E. A robust and sensitive metric for quantifying movement smoothness. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59, 2126\u20132136 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"286_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0090-9","volume":"12","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, S., Melendez-Calderon, A., Roby-Brami, A. & Burdet, E. On the analysis of movement smoothness. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 12, 112 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231466","volume":"84","author":"JB de Graaf","year":"1991","unstructured":"de Graaf, J. B., Sittig, A. C. & Denier van der Gon, J. J. Misdirections in slow goal-directed arm movements and pointer-setting tasks. Exp. Brain Res. 84, 434\u20138 (1991).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"286_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.5.940","volume":"123","author":"MC Cirstea","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cirstea, M. C. & Levin, M. F. Compensatory strategies for reaching in stroke. Brain 123, 940\u2013953 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"286_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0059-8","volume":"12","author":"E Otaka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Otaka, E. et al. Clinical usefulness and validity of robotic measures of reaching movement in hemiparetic stroke patients. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 12, 66 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603322385090","volume":"15","author":"DJ Reinkensmeyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reinkensmeyer, D. J., Iobbi, M. G., Kahn, L. E., Kamper, D. G. & Takahashi, C. D. Modeling reaching impairment after stroke using a population vector model of movement control that incorporates neural firing-rate variability. Neural Comput. 15, 2619\u20132642 (2003).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"286_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173674","volume":"12","author":"D Mottet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mottet, D., Van Dokkum, L. E. H., Froger, J., Goua\u00efch, A. & Laffont, I. Trajectory formation principles are the same after mild or moderate stroke. PLoS ONE 12, 1\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"286_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0585-5","volume":"175","author":"JM Galea","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galea, J. M. & Miall, R. C. Concurrent adaptation to opposing visual displacements during an alternating movement. Exp. Brain Res. 175, 676\u2013688 (2006).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"286_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","volume":"33","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurtzke, J. F. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33, 1444\u20131452 (1983).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"286_CR92","first-page":"271","volume":"2","author":"S Fahn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fahn, S., Tolosa, E. & Mar\u00edn, C. Clinical rating scale for tremor. Parkinsonas Dis. Mov. Disord. 2, 271\u2013280 (1993).","journal-title":"Parkinsonas Dis. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"286_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.299","volume":"124","author":"JS Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, J. S. Delayed onset mixed involuntary movements after thalamic stroke Clinical, radiological and pathophysiological findings. Brain 124, 299\u2013309 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"286_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.4.720","volume":"124","author":"SH Alusi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alusi, S. H., Worthington, J., Glickman, S. & Bain, P. G. A study of tremor in multiple sclerosis. Brain 124, 720\u2013730 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"286_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-10","volume":"6","author":"M Manto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manto, M. Mechanisms of human cerebellar dysmetria: experimental evidence and current conceptual bases. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 6, 1\u201318 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-67","volume":"11","author":"I Carpinella","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carpinella, I., Cattaneo, D. & Ferrarin, M. Quantitative assessment of upper limb motor function in multiple sclerosis using an instrumented action research arm test. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11, 1\u201316 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1109\/3516.951363","volume":"6","author":"A Bardorfer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bardorfer, A., Munih, M., Zupan, A. & Primo\u017ei\u010d, A. Upper limb motion analysis using haptic interface. IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 6, 253\u2013260 (2001).","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"286_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90225-3","volume":"80","author":"RF Beer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beer, R. F., Given, J. D. & Dewald, J. P. A. Task-dependent weakness at the elbow in patients with hemiparesis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 80, 766\u2013772 (1999).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1108","volume":"16","author":"L Quinn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Quinn, L., Reilmann, R., Marder, K. & Gordon, A. M. Altered movement trajectories and force control during object transport in Huntington\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 16, 469\u2013480 (2001).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"286_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227253","volume":"90","author":"H Forssberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Forssberg, H. et al. Development of human precision grip i: Basic coordination of force. Exp. Brain Res. 90, 393\u2013398 (1992).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"286_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00042-7","volume":"114","author":"J Hermsd\u00f6rfer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hermsd\u00f6rfer, J., Hagl, E., Nowak, D. A. & Marquardt, C. Grip force control during object manipulation in cerebral stroke. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114, 915\u2013929 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"286_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh317","volume":"128","author":"R Wenzelburger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenzelburger, R. et al. Hand coordination following capsular stroke. Brain 128, 64\u201374 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"286_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.03.007","volume":"1452","author":"PG Lindberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindberg, P. G. et al. Affected and unaffected quantitative aspects of grip force control in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Brain Res. 1452, 96\u2013107 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"286_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.07.408","volume":"128","author":"K Allg\u00f6wer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allg\u00f6wer, K. & Hermsd\u00f6rfer, J. Fine motor skills predict performance in the Jebsen Taylor hand function test after stroke. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 1858\u20131871 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"286_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309338194","volume":"23","author":"V Iyengar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iyengar, V., Santos, M. J., Ko, M. & Aruin, A. S. Grip force control in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 23, 855\u2013861 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb05111.x","volume":"33","author":"AM Gordon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gordon, A. M. & Duff, S. V. Fingertip forces during object manipulation in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, I: anticipatory scaling. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 33, 225\u2013231 (1991).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"286_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317697033","volume":"31","author":"Y Lan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan, Y., Yao, J. & Dewald, J. P. A. The impact of shoulder abduction loading on volitional hand opening and grasping in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair 31, 521\u2013529 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"286_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008","volume":"24","author":"BM Bolker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bolker, B. M. et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 127\u2013135 (2009).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"286_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fluet, M. C., Lambercy, O. & Gassert, R. Effects of 2D\/3D visual feedback and visuomotor collocation on motor performance in a virtual peg insertion test. In Proc. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS). IEEE 4776\u20134779 (2012).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6347035"},{"key":"286_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189275","volume":"13","author":"N Gerig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerig, N. et al. Missing depth cues in virtual reality limit performance and quality of three dimensional reaching movements. PLoS ONE 13, 1\u201318 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"286_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x","volume":"26","author":"GEP Box","year":"1964","unstructured":"Box, G. E. P. & Cox, D. R. An analysis of transformations. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B. 26, 211\u2013252 (1964).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B."},{"key":"286_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","volume":"49","author":"C Leys","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P. & Licata, L. Detecting outliers: do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 49, 764\u2013766 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR113","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"LM Andersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andersen, L. M. Obtaining reliable likelihood ratio tests from simulated likelihood functions. PLoS ONE 9, 1\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"286_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2016.01.008","volume":"152","author":"K Roy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roy, K., Das., R. N., Ambure, P. & Aher, R. B. Be aware of error measures. Further studies on validation of predictive QSAR models. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 152, 18\u201333 (2016).","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"286_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.49.2000571","volume":"4","author":"DF Hamilton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hamilton, D. F., Ghert, M. & Simpson, A. H. R. W. Interpreting regression models in clinical outcome studies. Bone Jt. Res. 4, 152\u2013153 (2005).","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"286_CR116","volume-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","author":"DW Hosmer Jr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S. & Sturdivant, R. X. Applied Logistic Regression. (John Wiley, New Jersey, 2003)."},{"key":"286_CR117","first-page":"719","volume":"84","author":"JE Lexell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lexell, J. E. & Downham, D. Y. How to assess the reliability of measurements in rehabilitation. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84, 719\u2013723 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.10.015","volume":"59","author":"HCW de Vet","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Vet, H. C. W., Terwee, C. B., Knol, D. L. & Bouter, L. M. When to use agreement versus reliability measures. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 59, 1033\u20131039 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"286_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013138911638","volume":"10","author":"H Beckerman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beckerman, H. et al. Smallest real difference, a link between reproducibility and responsiveness. Qual. Life Res. 10, 571\u2013578 (2001).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"286_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.33728","volume":"83","author":"N Smidt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smidt, N. et al. Interobserver reproducibility of the assessment of severity of complaints, grip strength, and pressure pain threshold in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83, 1145\u20131150 (2002).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2004.00360.x","volume":"46","author":"K Baba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baba, K., Shibata, R. & Sibuya, M. Partial correlation and conditional correlation as measures of conditional independence. Aust. N.Z. J. Stat. 46, 657\u2013664 (2004).","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Stat."},{"key":"286_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015032","volume":"5","author":"DY Kenett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kenett, D. Y. et al. Dominating clasp of the financial sector revealed by partial correlation analysis of the stock market. PLoS ONE 5, 1\u201314 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"286_CR123","volume-title":"Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"DE Hinkle","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hinkle, D. E., Wiersma, W. & Jurs, S. G. Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1988)."},{"key":"286_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326977ea1001_1","volume":"10","author":"AB Costello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis : four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pract. Assess. Res. Educ. 10, 1\u20139 (2005).","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Educ."},{"key":"286_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104263675","volume":"7","author":"JC Hayton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G. & Scarpello, V. Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: a tutorial on parallel analysis. Organ. Res. Methods 7, 191\u2013205 (2004).","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"286_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/3236261","volume":"6","author":"SB Franklin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Franklin, S. B., Gibson, D. J., Robertson, P. A., Pohlmann, J. T. & Fralish, J. S. Parallel analysis: a method for determining significant principal components. J. Veg. Sci. 6, 99\u2013106 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","volume":"30","author":"R Cattell","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cattell, R. Factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika 30, 179\u2013185 (1965).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"286_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.06.023","volume":"98","author":"EJ Woytowicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woytowicz, E. J. et al. Determining levels of upper extremity movement impairment by applying a cluster analysis to the Fugl-Meyer assessment of the upper extremity in chronic stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 98, 456\u2013462 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"286_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.06.009","volume":"96","author":"MH Hoonhorst","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoonhorst, M. H. et al. How do Fugl-Meyer arm motor scores relate to dexterity according to the action research arm test at 6 months poststroke?. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 96, 1845\u20131849 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-020-0286-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-020-0286-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-020-0286-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T13:06:45Z","timestamp":1722949605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-020-0286-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-020-0286-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/544601","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"80"}}