{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:01:08Z","timestamp":1775746868010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"A postdoctoral scholarship from the Libin Cardiovascular Institute and the Cumming School of Medicine,University of Calgary."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2014-04743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-04743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012469","name":"UCalgary | O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012469","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ubiquitous and openly accessible information produced by the public on the Internet has sparked an increasing interest in developing digital public health surveillance (DPHS) systems. We conducted a systematic scoping review in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to consolidate and characterize the existing research on DPHS and identify areas for further research. We used Natural Language Processing and content analysis to define the search strings and searched Global Health, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 2005 to January 2020 for peer-reviewed articles on DPHS, with extensive hand searching. Seven hundred fifty-five articles were included in this review. The studies were from 54 countries and utilized 26 digital platforms to study 208 sub-categories of 49 categories associated with 16 public health surveillance (PHS) themes. Most studies were conducted by researchers from the United States (56%, 426) and dominated by communicable diseases-related topics (25%, 187), followed by behavioural risk factors (17%, 131). While this review discusses the potentials of using Internet-based data as an affordable and instantaneous resource for DPHS, it highlights the paucity of longitudinal studies and the methodological and inherent practical limitations underpinning the successful implementation of a DPHS system. Little work studied Internet users\u2019 demographics when developing DPHS systems, and 39% (291) of studies did not stratify their results by geographic region. A clear methodology by which the results of DPHS can be linked to public health action has yet to be established, as only six (0.8%) studies deployed their system into a PHS context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00407-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T11:02:36Z","timestamp":1614769356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Digital public health surveillance: a systematic scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Shakeri Hossein Abad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Madeena","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Noaeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Nurmambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Lucini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majed","family":"Al-Jefri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8593-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"407_CR1","unstructured":"Center, P. R. Internet\/broadband fact sheet. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/fact-sheet\/social-media\/ (2019). Accessed on July 2020."},{"key":"407_CR2","unstructured":"Index, G. W. Global Web Index\u2019s Flagship Report on the Latest Trends in Social Media (GlobalWebIndex (GWI), New York City, 2018)."},{"key":"407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2015.6.1.019","volume":"6","author":"IC-H Fung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fung, I. C.-H., Tse, Z. T. H. & Fu, K.-W. The use of social media in public health surveillance. Western Pac. Surveill. Response J. 6, 3 (2015).","journal-title":"Western Pac. Surveill. Response J."},{"key":"407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0900702","volume":"360","author":"JS Brownstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brownstein, J. S., Freifeld, C. C. & Madoff, L. C. Digital disease detection\u2014harnessing the web for public health surveillance. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 2153 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt028","volume":"108","author":"TA Kass-Hout","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kass-Hout, T. A. & Alhinnawi, H. Social media in public health. Br. Med. Bull. 108, 5\u201324 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40504-017-0065-7","volume":"14","author":"M Salath\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salath\u00e9, M. Digital epidemiology: what is it, and where is it going? Life Sci. Soc. Policy 14, 1 (2018).","journal-title":"Life Sci. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamison, D. T. et al. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (The World Bank, 2006).","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6179-5"},{"key":"407_CR8","first-page":"3","volume":"61","author":"SB Thacker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thacker, S. B. et al. Public health surveillance in the united states: evolution and challenges. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 61, 3\u20139 (2012).","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ"},{"key":"407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teutsch, S. M. Considerations in planning a surveillance system. Princibles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance 18\u201328 (Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2010).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195372922.003.0002"},{"key":"407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002616","volume":"8","author":"M Salathe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salathe, M. et al. Digital epidemiology. PLoS Comput. Biol. 8, e1002616 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.02.006","volume":"40","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eysenbach, G. Infodemiology and infoveillance: tracking online health information and cyberbehavior for public health. Am. J. Prevent. Med. 40, S154\u2013S158 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prevent. Med."},{"key":"407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01473-0","volume":"113","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eysenbach, G. Infodemiology: the epidemiology of (mis)information. Am. J. Med. 113, 763\u2013765 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12216","volume":"35","author":"K Zeraatkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeraatkar, K. & Ahmadi, M. Trends of infodemiology studies: a scoping review. Health Inf. Librar. J. 35, 91\u2013120 (2018).","journal-title":"Health Inf. Librar. J."},{"key":"407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1095415","volume":"12","author":"JK Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward, J. K., Peretti-Watel, P. & Verger, P. Vaccine criticism on the internet: propositions for future research. Hum.Vaccines & Immunother. 12, 1924\u20131929 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum.Vaccines & Immunother."},{"key":"407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0155-x","volume":"37","author":"CC Freifeld","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freifeld, C. C. et al. Digital drug safety surveillance: monitoring pharmaceutical products in twitter. Drug Safe. 37, 343\u2013350 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Safe."},{"key":"407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1086\/630200","volume":"49","author":"HA Carneiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carneiro, H. A. & Mylonakis, E. Google trends: a web-based tool for real-time surveillance of disease outbreaks. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 1557\u20131564 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109583","volume":"9","author":"SV Nuti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nuti, S. V. et al. The use of google trends in health care research: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 9, e109583 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags043","volume":"47","author":"J Nicholls","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nicholls, J. Everyday, everywhere: alcohol marketing and social media-\"current trends. Alcohol Alcohol. 47, 486\u2013493 (2012).","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.05.002","volume":"73","author":"JA Naslund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naslund, J. A. et al. Systematic review of social media interventions for smoking cessation. Addict. Behav. 73, 81\u201393 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2740","volume":"15","author":"TM Bernardo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernardo, T. M. et al. Scoping review on search queries and social media for disease surveillance: a chronology of innovation. J. Med. Internet Res. 15, e147 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303512","volume":"107","author":"L Sinnenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sinnenberg, L. et al. Twitter as a tool for health research: a systematic review. Am. J. Public Health 107, e1\u2013e8 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12038","volume":"92","author":"E Velasco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Velasco, E., Agheneza, T., Denecke, K., Kirchner, G. & Eckmanns, T. Social media and internet-based data in global systems for public health surveillance: a systematic review. Milbank Q. 92, 7\u201333 (2014).","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.05.011","volume":"44","author":"I Fung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fung, I. et al. Ebola virus disease and social media: a systematic review. Am J. Infect. Control 44, 1660\u20131671 (2016).","journal-title":"Am J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2517","volume":"16","author":"D Capurro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Capurro, D. et al. The use of social networking sites for public health practice and research: a systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 16, 1\u201314 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2018.24.4.253","volume":"24","author":"H Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, H., Jung, H., On, J., Park, S. K. & Kang, H. Digital epidemiology: use of digital data collected for non-epidemiological purposes in epidemiological studies. Healthc. Inform. Res. 24, 253\u2013262 (2018).","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16206","volume":"22","author":"A Mavragani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mavragani, A. Infodemiology and infoveillance: scoping review. J. Med. Internet Res. 22, e16206 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edo-Osagie, O., De La Iglesia, B., Lake, I. & Edeghere, O. A scoping review of the use of twitter for public health research. Comput. Biol. Med. 122, 1\u201313 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103770"},{"key":"407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094402","volume":"2020","author":"A Aiello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aiello, A., Renson, A. & Zivich, P. Social media\u2014and internet-based disease surveillance for public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2020, 101\u2013118 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco, A. C. et al. Prisma extension for scoping reviews (prisma-scr): checklist and explanation. Ann. Intern Med. 169, 467\u2013473 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","volume":"13","author":"MD Peters","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peters, M. D. et al. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc. 13, 141\u2013146 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey, H. & O\u2019Malley, L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 8, 19\u201332 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. & O\u2019Brien, K. K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement. Sci. 5, 69 (2010).","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"407_CR33","first-page":"1145","volume":"63","author":"K Marynak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marynak, K. et al. State laws prohibiting sales to minors and indoor use of electronic nicotine delivery systems-\"united states, november 2014. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 63, 1145 (2014).","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"407_CR34","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems. Report by WHO (WHO, 2014)."},{"key":"407_CR35","first-page":"285","volume":"72","author":"S Declich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Declich, S. & Carter, A. O. Public health surveillance: historical origins, methods and evaluation. Bull. World Health Organ. 72, 285 (1994).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12746","volume":"80","author":"A Golder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Golder, A., G., N. & Y., L. Systematic review on the prevalence, frequency and comparative value of adverse events data in social media. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 80, 878\u2013888 (2015).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30296-1","volume":"19","author":"MR Wehner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wehner, M. R. & Nead, K. T. Can google help us fight cancer? Lancet Oncol. 19, 867 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"407_CR38","first-page":"7","volume":"109","author":"RA Hahn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hahn, R. A. & Stroup, D. F. Race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: criteria for the scientific use of social categories. Public Health Rep. 109, 7 (1994).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094402","volume":"41","author":"AE Aiello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aiello, A. E., Renson, A. & Zivich, P. N. Social media\u2013and internet-based disease surveillance for public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 41, 101\u2013118 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"407_CR40","unstructured":"German, R. R., Horan, J. M., Lee, L. M., Milstein, B. & Pertowski, C. A. Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems; Recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group (MMWR Recomm Rep., 2001)."},{"key":"407_CR41","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016)."},{"key":"407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865","volume":"320","author":"W-YS Chou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chou, W.-Y. S., Oh, A. & Klein, W. M. Addressing health-related misinformation on social media. JAMA 320, 2417\u20132418 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"407_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600206","volume":"96","author":"J Powell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powell, J., Darvell, M. & Gray, J. The doctor, the patient and the world-wide web: how the internet is changing healthcare. J. R. Soc. Med. 96, 74\u201376 (2003).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"407_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2012.699889","volume":"28","author":"D Yeshua-Katz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeshua-Katz, D. & Martins, N. Communicating stigma: the pro-ana paradox. Health Commun. 28, 499\u2013508 (2013).","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003","volume":"53","author":"AM Kaplan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaplan, A. M. & Haenlein, M. Users of the world, unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus. Horiz. 53, 59\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"407_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4308","volume":"17","author":"SA Sadah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sadah, S. A., Shahbazi, M., Wiley, M. T. & Hristidis, V. A study of the demographics of web-based health-related social media users. J. Med. Internet Res. 17, e194 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"407_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9823-7","volume":"16","author":"D Sanou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanou, D. et al. Acculturation and nutritional health of immigrants in canada: a scoping review. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 16, 24\u201334 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"407_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.10.001","volume":"43","author":"KB Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith, K. B. & Smith, M. S. Obesity statistics. Prim. Care 43, 121\u2013135 (2016).","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"407_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30101-2","volume":"4","author":"DL Olstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olstad, D. L. & Lee, J. Leveraging artificial intelligence to monitor unhealthy food and brand marketing to children on digital media. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4, 418\u2013420 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"407_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v4i3.522","volume":"4","author":"S Dunlop","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunlop, S., Freeman, B. & Jones, S. C. Marketing to youth in the digital age: The promotion of unhealthy products and health promoting behaviours on social media. Media Commun. 4, 35\u201349 (2016).","journal-title":"Media Commun."},{"key":"407_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12508","volume":"14","author":"M Potvin Kent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Potvin Kent, M., Pauz\u00e9, E., Roy, E.-A., de Billy, N. & Czoli, C. Children and adolescents\u2019 exposure to food and beverage marketing in social media apps. Pediatr Obes. 14, e12508 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes."},{"key":"407_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.140835","volume":"24","author":"CM Croner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croner, C. M. Public health, gis, and the internet. Ann. Rev. Public Health 24, 57\u201382 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/875253","volume":"2012","author":"BC Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi, B. C. The past, present, and future of public health surveillance. Scientifica 2012, 1\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"407_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2006.00634.x","volume":"23","author":"S Golder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Golder, S., McIntosh, H. M., Duffy, S. & Glanville, J. Developing efficient search strategies to identify reports of adverse effects in medline and embase. Health Inf. Librar. J. 23, 3\u201312 (2006).","journal-title":"Health Inf. Librar. J."},{"key":"407_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003","volume":"53","author":"AM Kaplan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaplan, A. M. & Haenlein, M. Users of the world, unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus. Horiz. 53, 59\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. & O\u2019Brien, K. K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implemen. Sci. 5, 69 (2010).","journal-title":"Implemen. Sci."},{"key":"407_CR57","unstructured":"Bazeley, P. & Jackson, K. Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo (SAGE publications limited, 2013)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00407-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00407-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00407-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T18:45:51Z","timestamp":1670093151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00407-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00407-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}