{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:06:57Z","timestamp":1772136417977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The true risk of a COVID-19 resurgence as states reopen businesses is unknown. In this paper, we used anonymized cell-phone data to quantify the potential risk of COVID-19 transmission in business establishments by building a Business Risk Index that measures transmission risk over time. The index was built using two metrics, visits per square foot and the average duration of visits, to account for both density of visits and length of time visitors linger in the business. We analyzed trends in traffic patterns to 1,272,260 businesses across eight states from January 2020 to June 2020. We found that potentially risky traffic behaviors at businesses decreased by 30% by April. Since the end of April, the risk index has been increasing as states reopen. There are some notable differences in trends across states and industries. Finally, we showed that the time series of the average Business Risk Index is useful for forecasting future COVID-19 cases at the county-level (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We found that an increase in a county\u2019s average Business Risk Index is associated with an increase in positive COVID-19 cases in 1 week (IRR: 1.16, 95% CI: (1.1\u20131.26)). Our risk index provides a way for policymakers and hospital decision-makers to monitor the potential risk of COVID-19 transmission from businesses based on the frequency and density of visits to businesses. This can serve as an important metric as states monitor and evaluate their reopening strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00420-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T07:14:42Z","timestamp":1615878882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reopening businesses and risk of COVID-19 transmission"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"O\u2019Donoghue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tenzin","family":"Dechen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Boals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garba","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manvi","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aalok","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"DeFalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer P.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"420_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report\u2014193. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200731-covid-19-sitrep-193.pdf?sfvrsn=42a0221d_2 (2020)."},{"key":"420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30462-1","volume":"395","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Eggo, R. M. & Kucharski, A. J. Secondary attack rate and superspreading events for SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 395, e47 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"420_CR3","unstructured":"Woodward, A. Coronavirus super-spreader events all have notable similarities\u2014and they reveal the types of gatherings we should avoid for years. Business Insider. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/coronavirus-super-spreader-events-reveal-gatherings-to-avoid-2020-5 (2020)."},{"key":"420_CR4","unstructured":"Williamson, E. & Hussey, K. Party Zero: How a Soir\u00e9e in Connecticut Became a \u2018Super Spreader\u2019. 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Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.002 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.002"},{"key":"420_CR8","unstructured":"Baicker, K., Dube, O., Mullainathan, S., Pope, D. & Wezerek, G. Is It Safer to Visit a Coffee Shop or a Gym? The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/05\/06\/opinion\/coronavirus-us-reopen.html (2020)"},{"key":"420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzell, S.G., Collis, A. and Nicolaides, C., Rationing social contact during the COVID-19 pandemic: Transmission risk and social benefits of US locations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 14642-14644. (2020).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008025117"},{"key":"420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borg, G., Giambra, S. & Knight S. Density and distancing in the covid-19 pandemic. 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Stata J. 17, 972\u2013984 (2017).","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1701700412"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00444-1","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000}}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00420-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00420-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T13:46:51Z","timestamp":1670075211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-021-00420-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00420-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.24.20112110","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00444-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00444-1","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2021","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00444-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00444-1","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}