{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:54:50Z","timestamp":1777517690859,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The European project ORCHESTRA intends to create a new pan-European cohort to rapidly advance the knowledge of the effects and treatment of COVID-19. Establishing processes that facilitate the merging of heterogeneous clusters of retrospective data was an essential challenge. In addition, data from new ORCHESTRA prospective studies have to be compatible with earlier collected information to be efficiently combined. In this article, we describe how we utilized and contributed to existing standard terminologies to create consistent semantic representation of over 2500 COVID-19-related variables taken from three ORCHESTRA studies. The goal is to enable the semantic interoperability of data within the existing project studies and to create a common basis of standardized elements available for the design of new COVID-19 studies. We also identified 743 variables that were commonly used in two of the three prospective ORCHESTRA studies and can therefore be directly combined for analysis purposes. Additionally, we actively contributed to global interoperability by submitting new concept requests to the terminology Standards Development Organizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00620-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T10:21:26Z","timestamp":1655202086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Harmonization and standardization of data for a pan-European cohort on SARS- CoV-2 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6798-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Stellmach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen Moses Raj","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascia","family":"Caroccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-1737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Dellacasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Giannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Mirandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Scipione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Tacconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Thun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: A Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries. IEEE Std 610 1\u2013217 (1991) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.1991.106963.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.1991.106963"},{"key":"620_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02526-7","volume":"412","author":"D Solle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solle, D. Be FAIR to your data. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412, 3961\u20133965 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"620_CR3","first-page":"bav121","volume":"2016","author":"M Dugas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dugas, M. et al. Portal of medical data models: information infrastructure for medical research and healthcare. Database J. Biol. Databases Curation 2016, bav121 (2016).","journal-title":"Database J. Biol. Databases Curation"},{"key":"620_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01168-0","volume":"20","author":"HH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, H. H., Park, Y. R., Lee, S. & Kim, J. H. Composite CDE: modeling composite relationships between common data elements for representing complex clinical data. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 20, 147 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"620_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sass, J. et al. The German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO): a standardized dataset for COVID-19 research in university medicine and beyond. BMC Med. Inf. Decis Mak 20, (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01374-w"},{"key":"620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2021.103897","volume":"122","author":"MG Kersloot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kersloot, M. G. et al. De-novo FAIRification via an Electronic Data Capture system by automated transformation of filled electronic Case Report Forms into machine-readable data. J. Biomed. Inform. 122, 103897 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2021.27.4.287","volume":"27","author":"JE Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang, J. E., Park, H.-A. & Shin, S.-Y. Mapping the Korean National health checkup questionnaire to standard terminologies. Healthc. Inform. Res. 27, 287\u2013297 (2021).","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0651-5","volume":"18","author":"S El-Sappagh","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Sappagh, S., Franda, F., Ali, F. & Kwak, K.-S. SNOMED CT standard ontology based on the ontology for general medical science. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 18, 76 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"620_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2013-09-RA-0071","volume":"5","author":"AR H\u00f8jen","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00f8jen, A. R., Sundvall, E. & G\u00f8eg, K. R. Methods and applications for visualization of SNOMED CT concept sets. Appl. Clin. Inform. 5, 127\u2013152 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, C. J. et al. LOINC, a universal standard for identifying laboratory observations: a 5-year update. Clin. Chem. 49, (2003).","DOI":"10.1373\/49.4.624"},{"key":"620_CR11","first-page":"59","volume":"267","author":"J Fiebeck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiebeck, J. et al. Implementing LOINC - Current Status and Ongoing Work at a Medical University. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 267, 59\u201365 (2019).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR12","unstructured":"Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification Index with Defined Daily Doses (DDDs): List A: Sorted According to ATC Code IncludingDefined Daily Doses (DDDs) for Plain Substances: List B: Alphabetically Sorted According to Nonproprietary Drug Name (only ATC 5th Levels are Included). (WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, 1997)."},{"key":"620_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa030","volume":"27","author":"KW Fung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fung, K. W., Xu, J. & Bodenreider, O. The new International Classification of Diseases 11th edition: a comparative analysis with ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA 27, 738\u2013746 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA"},{"key":"620_CR14","first-page":"1564","volume":"264","author":"H Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park, H. et al. An information retrieval approach to ICD-10 classification. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 264, 1564\u20131565 (2019).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001010","volume":"57","author":"AJ Mainor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mainor, A. J., Morden, N. E., Smith, J., Tomlin, S. & Skinner, J. ICD-10 coding will challenge researchers: caution and collaboration may reduce measurement error and improve comparability over time. Med. Care 57, e42\u2013e46 (2019).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"620_CR16","first-page":"602","volume":"2018","author":"V Huser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huser, V. & Amos, L. Analyzing real-world use of research common data elements. Amia. Annu. Symp. Proc. 2018, 602\u2013608 (2018).","journal-title":"Amia. Annu. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa172","volume":"27","author":"JL Raisaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raisaro, J. L. et al. SCOR: A secure international informatics infrastructure to investigate COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA 27, 1721\u20131726 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA"},{"key":"620_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001494","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01494-2020","volume":"56","author":"FA Klok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klok, F. A. et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur. Respir. J. 56, 2001494 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580","volume":"93","author":"DA Mahler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mahler, D. A. & Wells, C. K. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest 93, 580\u2013586 (1988).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"620_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2449","volume":"148","author":"C Casanova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casanova, C. et al. Differential effect of modified medical research council dyspnea, COPD assessment test, and clinical COPD questionnaire for symptoms evaluation within the new GOLD staging and mortality in COPD. CHEST 148, 159\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"CHEST"},{"key":"620_CR21","unstructured":"Tsoris, A. & Marlar, C. A. Use Of The Child Pugh Score In Liver Disease. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, 2022)."},{"key":"620_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30483-7","volume":"20","author":"JC Marshall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marshall, J. C. et al. A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, e192\u2013e197 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"620_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","volume":"34","author":"JJ Ware","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ware, J. J., Kosinski, M. & Keller, S. D. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med. Care 34, 220\u2013233 (1996).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"620_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.02.007","volume":"22","author":"JG Beck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beck, J. G. et al. The impact of event scale\u2013revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J. Anxiety Disord. 22, 187\u2013198 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"620_CR25","first-page":"249","volume":"27","author":"S Rotstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rotstein, S., Hudaib, A.-R., Facey, A. & Kulkarni, J. Psychiatrist burnout: a meta-analysis of Maslach Burnout Inventory means. Australas. Psychiatry Bull. R. Aust. N. Z. Coll. Psychiatr. 27, 249\u2013254 (2019).","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry Bull. R. Aust. N. Z. Coll. Psychiatr."},{"key":"620_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631668","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631668","volume":"12","author":"K Petrowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrowski, K., Albani, C., Zenger, M., Br\u00e4hler, E. & Schmalbach, B. Revised short screening version of the profile of mood states (POMS) from the German general population. Front. Psychol. 12, 631668 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"620_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-019-09776-5","volume":"42","author":"A Shallcross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shallcross, A., Lu, N. Y. & Hays, R. D. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the five facet of mindfulness questionnaire. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 42, 271\u2013280 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"620_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Docherty, A. B. et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1985.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985"},{"key":"620_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01499-0","volume":"49","author":"CEM Jakob","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jakob, C. E. M. et al. First results of the \u2018Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients (LEOSS)\u2019. Infection 49, 63\u201373 (2021).","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"620_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01464-x","volume":"48","author":"F Kurth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurth, F. et al. Studying the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: a protocol for the Berlin prospective COVID-19 patient cohort (Pa-COVID-19). Infection 48, 619\u2013626 (2020).","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"620_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf0874","volume":"372","author":"S Riley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riley, S. et al. Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2: Detection by community viral surveillance. Science 372, 990\u2013995 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"620_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.04.007","volume":"43","author":"Y-C Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-C., Kuo, R.-L. & Shih, S.-R. COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history. Biomed. J. 43, 328\u2013333 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"620_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383","volume":"8","author":"N Chams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chams, N. et al. COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review. Front. Public Health 8, 383 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"620_CR34","unstructured":"LOINC. Mission, Vision, and Principles for Open Terminology Development. https:\/\/loinc.org\/principles\/ (2022)."},{"key":"620_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01192-6","volume":"34","author":"BL Edlow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edlow, B. L. et al. Common data elements for COVID-19 neuroimaging: a GCS-NeuroCOVID proposal. Neurocrit. Care 34, 365\u2013370 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"620_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15138","volume":"19","author":"G Le Gal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le Gal, G. et al. Development and implementation of common data elements for venous thromboembolism research: on behalf of SSC Subcommittee on official Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J. Thromb. Haemost. 19, 297\u2013303 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"620_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6867","volume":"37","author":"S Meeuws","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meeuws, S. et al. Common data elements: critical assessment of harmonization between current multi-center traumatic brain injury studies. J. Neurotrauma 37, 1283\u20131290 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"620_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns7040070","volume":"7","author":"D Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones, D. et al. Towards a newborn screening common data model: the Utah newborn screening data model. Int. J. Neonatal Screen 7, 70 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"620_CR39","first-page":"1033","volume":"182","author":"B Rolland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rolland, B. et al. Toward rigorous data harmonization in cancer epidemiology. Res.: One Approach Am. J. Epidemiol. 182, 1033\u20131038 (2015).","journal-title":"Res.: One Approach Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"620_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103421","volume":"107","author":"RD Kush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kush, R. D. et al. FAIR data sharing: The roles of common data elements and harmonization. J. Biomed. Inform. 107, 103421 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa196","volume":"28","author":"MA Haendel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haendel, M. A. et al. The National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C): rationale, design, infrastructure, and deployment. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA 28, 427\u2013443 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA"},{"key":"620_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2019-0276-OA","volume":"144","author":"M Stram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stram, M. et al. A survey of LOINC Code Selection Practices Among Participants of the College of American Pathologists Coagulation (CGL) and cardiac markers (CRT) Proficiency Testing Programs. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 144, 586\u2013596 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"620_CR43","first-page":"437","volume":"270","author":"C Drenkhahn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drenkhahn, C. & Ingenerf, J. The LOINC content model and its limitations of usage in the laboratory domain. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 270, 437\u2013442 (2020).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR44","first-page":"108","volume":"264","author":"C Drenkhahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drenkhahn, C., Duhm-Harbeck, P. & Ingenerf, J. Aggregation and visualization of laboratory data by using ontological tools based on LOINC and SNOMED CT. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 264, 108\u2013112 (2019).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocu012","volume":"22","author":"J Deckard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deckard, J., McDonald, C. J. & Vreeman, D. J. Supporting interoperability of genetic data with LOINC. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA 22, 621\u2013627 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. JAMIA"},{"key":"620_CR46","first-page":"683","volume":"225","author":"J Millar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Millar, J. The Need for a Global Language - SNOMED CT Introduction. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 225, 683\u2013685 (2016).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR47","unstructured":"Rogers, J. & Bodenreider, O. SNOMED CT: Browsing the browsers. in vol. 410 (2008)."},{"key":"620_CR48","unstructured":"LOINC. SearchLOINC Home. https:\/\/loinc.org\/search\/ (2022)."},{"key":"620_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J. Biomed. Inform. 42, 377\u2013381 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obeid, J. et al. Procurement of shared data instruments for research electronic data capture (REDCap). J. Biomed. Inform. 46, (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2012.10.006"},{"key":"620_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1667077","volume":"27","author":"O Bodenreider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bodenreider, O., Cornet, R. & Vreeman, D. J. Recent Developments in Clinical Terminologies \u2014 SNOMED CT, LOINC, and RxNorm. Yearb. Med. Inform. 27, 129\u2013139 (2018).","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9010060","volume":"9","author":"S Hollingworth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hollingworth, S. & Kairuz, T. Measuring medicine use: applying ATC\/DDD methodology to Real-World Data. Pharmacy 9, 60 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"620_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.01.003","volume":"42","author":"S de Coronado","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Coronado, S. et al. The NCI Thesaurus quality assurance life cycle. J. Biomed. Inform. 42, 530\u2013539 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"620_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-010-9196-2","volume":"11","author":"P Distler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Distler, P. ISBT 128: a global information standard. Cell Tissue Bank 11, 365\u2013373 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"620_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00e9gin, P. et al. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Nat. Med. 1\u201313 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01488-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01488-2"},{"key":"620_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240047","volume":"15","author":"CS Mayer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayer, C. S., Williams, N. & Huser, V. Analysis of data dictionary formats of HIV clinical trials. PLoS ONE 15, e0240047 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"620_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253051","volume":"16","author":"A Mawji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mawji, A. et al. Common data elements for predictors of pediatric sepsis: a framework to standardize data collection. PLoS ONE 16, e0253051 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"620_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774516653238","volume":"13","author":"J Sheehan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheehan, J. et al. Improving the value of clinical research through the use of Common Data Elements (CDEs). Clin. Trials Lond. Engl. 13, 671\u2013676 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Trials Lond. Engl."},{"key":"620_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512438980","volume":"9","author":"ST Grinnon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grinnon, S. T. et al. NINDS COMMON DATA ELEMENT PROJECT \u2013 APPROACH AND METHODS. Clin. Trials Lond. Engl. 9, 322\u2013329 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Trials Lond. Engl."},{"key":"620_CR60","unstructured":"Stellmach, C. & Rinaldi, E. Orchestra - Datasets. https:\/\/art-decor.org\/art-decor\/decor-datasets--orch-?id=&effectiveDate=&conceptId=&conceptEffectiveDate= (2022)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00620-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00620-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00620-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T08:01:35Z","timestamp":1669363295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00620-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-022-00620-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"75"}}