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Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination may be associated with change in menstrual cycle length following vaccination. We estimated covariate-adjusted differences in mean cycle length (MCL), measured in days, between pre-vaccination cycles, vaccination cycles, and post-vaccination cycles within vaccinated participants who met eligibility criteria in the Apple Women\u2019s Health Study, a longitudinal mobile-application-based cohort of people in the U.S. with manually logged menstrual cycles. A total of 9652 participants (8486 vaccinated; 1166 unvaccinated) contributed 128,094 cycles (median\u2009=\u200910 cycles per participant; inter-quartile range: 4\u201322). Fifty-five percent of vaccinated participants received Pfizer-BioNTech\u2019s mRNA vaccine, 37% received Moderna\u2019s mRNA vaccine, and 8% received the Johnson &amp; Johnson\/Janssen (J&amp;J) vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a small increase in MCL for cycles in which participants received the first dose (0.50 days, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.78) and cycles in which participants received the second dose (0.39 days, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.67) of mRNA vaccines compared with pre-vaccination cycles. Cycles in which the single dose of J&amp;J was administered were, on average, 1.26 days longer (95% CI: 0.45, 2.07) than pre-vaccination cycles. Post-vaccination cycles returned to average pre-vaccination length. Estimated follicular phase vaccination was associated with increased MCL in cycles in which participants received the first dose (0.97 days, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.42) or the second dose (1.43 days, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.80) of mRNA vaccines or the J&amp;J dose (2.27 days, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.50), compared with pre-vaccination cycles. Menstrual cycle change following COVID-19 vaccination appears small and temporary and should not discourage individuals from becoming vaccinated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00711-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T09:06:55Z","timestamp":1667380015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Covid-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle length in the Apple Women\u2019s Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huichu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Fruh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Malaika","family":"Gabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gowtham","family":"Asokan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne Marie Z.","family":"Jukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donna D.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Fischer-Colbrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jukka-Pekka","family":"Onnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5527-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruthi","family":"Mahalingaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edelman, A. et al. 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