{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:20:01Z","timestamp":1768544401516,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u201cTaxonomy of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Services and Procedures\u201d became part of the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT\u00ae) code set effective January 1, 2022. It provides a framework for discrete and differentiable CPT codes which; are consistent with the features of the devices\u2019 output, characterize interaction between the device and the physician or other qualified health care professional, and foster appropriate payment. Descriptors include \u201cAssistive\u201d, \u201cAugmentative\u201d, and \u201cAutonomous\u201d. As software increasingly augments the provision of medical services the taxonomy will foster consistent language in coding enabling patient, provider, and payer access to the benefits of innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00723-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T07:03:30Z","timestamp":1670051010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Developing current procedural terminology codes that describe the work performed by machines"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5927-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4188-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Jarrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Pritzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Abramoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael X.","family":"Repka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pat D.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Marlene Grenon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Megan Ruth","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Mattison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Ezequiel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"723_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1713","volume":"12","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodenheimer, T. & Sinsky, C. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. Ann. Fam. Med. 12, 573\u2013576 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"723_CR2","unstructured":"Board of Trustees. American Medical Association. Augmented intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Proceedings of the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association. 138\u2013158. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/system\/files\/2019-08\/a19-bot-reports.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR3","unstructured":"CPT Editorial Panel. CPT appendix S: AI taxonomy for medical services and procedures. American Medical Association. January 1, 2022. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/cpt-appendix-s-ai-taxonomy-medical-services-procedures. Accessed April 13, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR4","unstructured":"CPT overview and code approval. American Medical Association. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/cpt\/cpt-overview-and-code-approval. Accessed August 31, 2022"},{"key":"723_CR5","unstructured":"Medicare physician payment schedules. American Medical Association. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/medicare-medicaid\/medicare-physician-payment-schedules. Accessed August 31, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR6","unstructured":"RBRVS overview. American Medical Association. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/about\/rvs-update-committee-ruc\/rbrvs-overview. Accessed August 31, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00621-w","volume":"5","author":"MD Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abr\u00e0moff, M. D. et al. A reimbursement framework for artificial intelligence in healthcare. npj Digit. Med. 5, 72 (2022).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"723_CR8","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI\/ML) enabled medical devices. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/software-medical-device-samd\/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-ai\/ml-enabled-medical-devices. Accessed April 4, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR9","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Software as a medical device (SaMD). https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/digital-health-center-excellence\/software-medical-device-samd. Accessed April 14, 2022."},{"key":"723_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.08.023","volume":"129","author":"MD Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abr\u00e0moff, M. D. et al. Collaborative Community on Ophthalmic Imaging Executive Committee and Foundational Principles of Ophthalmic Imaging and Algorithmic Interpretation Working Group. Foundational considerations for artificial intelligence using ophthalmic images. Ophthalmology 129, e14\u2013e32 (2022).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"723_CR11","unstructured":"Grimm C.M. The danger of anthropomorphic language in robotic AI systems. Tech Stream Published June 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/techstream\/the-danger-of-anthropomorphic-language-in-robotic-ai-systems\/ Accessed April 11, 2022."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00723-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00723-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00723-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T07:05:38Z","timestamp":1670051138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00723-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-022-00723-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"R.A.F. reports the following competing interests: Principal, Frank Healthcare Advisors, LLC; member, CPT Editorial Panel. Sits on the Board of and is a minor shareholder in a Canadian innovator, Optina Diagnostics, which has no marketed products. Serves as Entrepreneur in Residence of DigitalDx Ventures I, L.P. Provides expert testimony to FDA, CMS, US Congress, WHO, IAEA, et alia. M.D.A. reports the following competing interests: Investor, Director, Consultant, Founder, Digital Diagnostics Inc; patents and patent applications assigned to the University of Iowa and Digital Diagnostics that are relevant to the subject matter of this manuscript; Chair Healthcare AI Coalition, Washington DC; member, American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) AI Committee; member. J.M. reports the following competing interests: Operating Partner and Chief Medical Information Officer of Arsenal Capital Partners which invests in companies that use AI to enhance clinical products and services. E.S. reports the following competing interests: Chair, RVS Update Committee (RUC). Other authors do not report financial and non-financial competing interests as defined by Nature Research, that might be perceived to influence the interpretation of the paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"177"}}