{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T19:14:49Z","timestamp":1782674089571,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>When implemented in practice, digital technologies have shown improvements in morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). For scholars, research into digital technologies in cardiovascular care has been relatively recent, thus it is important to understand the history of digital health technology in cardiovascular research\u2014its emergence, rate of growth, hot topics, and its temporal evolution. The aim of this study was to analyse more than 16,000 articles in this domain based on their scientometric indicators. Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection was accessed and searched at several levels, including titles, abstracts, keywords, authors, sources and individual articles. Analysis examined the temporal shifts in research and scholarly focus based on keywords, networks of collaboration, topical divisions in relation to digital technologies, and influential publications. Findings showed this research area is growing exponentially. Co-citation analysis revealed twenty prominent research streams and identified variation in the magnitude of activities in each stream. A recent emergence of research activities in digital technology in cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and arrythmia research was also demonstrated. Conversely, wearable technologies, activity tracking and electronic medical records research are now past their peak of reported research activity. With increasing amounts of novel technologies becoming available and more patients taking part in remote health care monitoring, further evaluation and research into digital technologies, including their long-term effectiveness, is needed. Furthermore, emerging technologies, which are evaluated and\/or validated should be considered for implementation into clinical practice as treatment and prevention modalities for CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00734-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T12:02:49Z","timestamp":1672747369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["The evolution of digital health technologies in cardiovascular disease research"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9866-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara C.","family":"Zwack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Haghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Hollings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Redfern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"734_CR1","unstructured":"Health AIo, Welfare. Digital health. Canberra: AIHW; 2020."},{"key":"734_CR2","unstructured":"Darkins A, Darkins AW, Cary MA, Cary M. Telemedicine and telehealth: principles, policies, performances and pitfalls: Springer publishing company; 2000."},{"key":"734_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Universal Health Coverage Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/universal-health-coverage#tab=tab_3."},{"key":"734_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tromp J, et al. World Heart Federation Roadmap for Digital Health in Cardiology. Global Heart. 2022;17.","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1141"},{"key":"734_CR5","first-page":"842","volume":"43","author":"M Georgeff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Georgeff, M. Patients and technology: Digital technologies and chronic disease management. Aust. Fam. physician 43, 842\u2013846 (2014).","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. physician"},{"key":"734_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vos, T. et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390, 1211\u20131259 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"734_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00889-x","volume":"22","author":"K Santo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santo, K. & Redfern, J. Digital Health Innovations to Improve Cardiovascular Disease Care. Curr. Atherosclerosis Rep. 22, 71 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Atherosclerosis Rep."},{"key":"734_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20317","volume":"57","author":"C Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen, C. & CiteSpace, I. I. Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 57, 359\u2013377 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"734_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(63)90159-4","volume":"106","author":"D Lepley Jr.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Lepley, D. Jr., Bormes, W. & Kayser, K. AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM. ITS DEVELOPMENT AND USE IN OPEN HEART SURGERY. Am. J. Surg. 106, 933\u2013937 (1963).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"734_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz G, et al. Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring. Nat. Commun. 4, 2013.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2832"},{"key":"734_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1561","volume":"282","author":"TN Robinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robinson, T. N. Reducing children\u2019s television viewing to prevent obesity - A randomized controlled trial. JAMA-JOURNAL AMERICAN MEDICAL Association. 282, 1561\u20131567 (1999).","journal-title":"JAMA-JOURNAL AMERICAN MEDICAL Association."},{"key":"734_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575","volume":"86","author":"MT Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown, M. T. & Bussell, J. K. Medication Adherence: WHO Cares? Mayo Clin. Proc. 86, 304\u2013314 (2011).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"734_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305457","volume":"22","author":"G Kwakkel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwakkel, G., Kollen, B. J. & Krebs, H. I. Effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: A systematic review. NEUROREHABILITATION NEURAL Repair. 22, 111\u2013121 (2008).","journal-title":"NEUROREHABILITATION NEURAL Repair."},{"key":"734_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2004.06.019","volume":"17","author":"M Leitman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leitman, M. et al. Two-dimensional strain - A novel software for real-time quantitative echocardiographic assessment of myocardial function. JOURNAL AMERICAN SOCIETY Echocardiography. 17, 1021\u20131029 (2004).","journal-title":"JOURNAL AMERICAN SOCIETY Echocardiography."},{"key":"734_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2018.03.010","volume":"36","author":"AJ Latimer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Latimer, A. J., McCoy, A. M. & Sayre, M. R. Emerging and Future Technologies in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Care. Cardiol. Clin. 36, 429\u2013441 (2018).","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"734_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010029","volume":"363","author":"SI Chaudhry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudhry, S. I. et al. Telemonitoring in Patients with Heart Failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 2301\u20132309 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"734_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski, P. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 37, 2129\u20132200 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"734_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665","volume":"12","author":"LM Baddour","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baddour, L. M. et al. Update on Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections and Their Management A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION 12, 458\u2013477 (2010).","journal-title":"CIRCULATION"},{"key":"734_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.050","volume":"45","author":"JG Cleland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cleland, J. G., Louis, A. A., Rigby, A. S., Janssens, U. & Balk, A. H. Noninvasive home telemonitoring for patients with heart failure at high risk of recurrent admission and death: the Trans-European Network-Home-Care Management System (TEN-HMS) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45, 1654\u20131664 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"734_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglis SC, et al. Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure. COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS. 2010.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007228.pub2"},{"key":"734_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-197501000-00002","volume":"13","author":"MH Becker","year":"1975","unstructured":"Becker, M. H. & Maiman, L. A. Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendations. Med Care. 13, 10\u201324 (1975).","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"734_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Rev. 84, 191\u2013215 (1977).","journal-title":"Psychological Rev."},{"key":"734_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10945","volume":"314","author":"CK Chow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chow, C. K. et al. Effect of Lifestyle-Focused Text Messaging on Risk Factor Modification in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA-JOURNAL AMERICAN MEDICAL Association. 314, 1255\u20131263 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA-JOURNAL AMERICAN MEDICAL Association."},{"key":"734_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/jphi.JPHI_31_18","volume":"8","author":"BM Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta, B. M., Dhawan, S. M. & Ahmed, K. K. M. Digital health research: A scientometric assessment of global publications output during 2007\u20132016. Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 8, 106\u2013114 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"734_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1696-1","volume":"105","author":"Y Fang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fang, Y. Visualizing the structure and the evolving of digital medicine: a scientometrics review. Scientometrics 105, 5\u201321 (2015).","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"734_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.026","volume":"90","author":"RJ Widmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Widmer, R. J. et al. Digital health interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 90, 469\u2013480 (2015).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"734_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-16-4-296","volume":"16","author":"SP Bhavnani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhavnani, S. P. Digital Health: Opportunities and Challenges to Develop the Next-Generation Technology-Enabled Models of Cardiovascular Care. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 16, 296\u2013303 (2020).","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J."},{"key":"734_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1145\/3356252","volume":"26","author":"TO Andersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andersen, T. O. Large-scale and long-term co-design of digital health. Interactions 26, 74\u201377 (2019).","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"734_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2022.06.002","volume":"3","author":"T Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johnson, T. et al. Building a hybrid virtual cardiac rehabilitation program to promote health equity: Lessons learned. Cardiovascular Digital Health J. 3, 158\u2013160 (2022).","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Digital Health J."},{"key":"734_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010","volume":"143","author":"AM Clark","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clark, A. M., Hartling, L., Vandermeer, B. & McAlister, F. A. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 143, 659\u2013672 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"734_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(15)31026-3","volume":"201","author":"S Bansilal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bansilal, S., Castellano, J. M. & Fuster, V. Global burden of CVD: focus on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 201, S1\u2013S7 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"734_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000016183.07898.90","volume":"105","author":"MA Wood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wood, M. A. & Ellenbogen, K. A. Cardiac Pacemakers From the Patient\u2019s Perspective. Circulation 105, 2136\u20132138 (2002).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"734_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14755","volume":"31","author":"A Piro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piro, A. et al. Management of cardiac implantable electronic device follow\u2010up in COVID\u201019 pandemic: lessons learned during Italian lockdown. J. Cardiovascular Electrophysiol. 31, 2814\u20132823 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovascular Electrophysiol."},{"key":"734_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simovic S, et al. The use of remote monitoring of cardiac implantable devices during the COVID-19 pandemic: an EHRA physician survey. Europace. 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab215"},{"key":"734_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redfern J, et al. Historical Context of Cardiac Rehabilitation: Learning From the Past to Move to the Future. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.842567"},{"key":"734_CR36","unstructured":"American Heart Association. Strategically Focused Research Networks 2022 [Available from: https:\/\/professional.heart.org\/en\/research-programs\/strategically-focused-research\/strategically-focused-research-networks."},{"key":"734_CR37","unstructured":"SOLVE-CHD. SOLVE-CHD 2022 [Available from: https:\/\/solvechd.org.au\/."},{"key":"734_CR38","unstructured":"AF-Screen. AF Screen International Collaboration n.d [Available from: https:\/\/www.afscreen.org\/."},{"key":"734_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e053440","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053440","volume":"11","author":"I Litchfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Litchfield, I., Shukla, D. & Greenfield, S. Impact of COVID-19 on the digital divide: a rapid review. BMJ Open. 11, e053440 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"734_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa078","volume":"27","author":"A Ramsetty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramsetty, A. & Adams, C. Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 27, 1147\u20131148 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"734_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvab034","volume":"20","author":"CM Astley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Astley, C. M. et al. Remote cardiac rehabilitation services and the digital divide: implications for elderly populations during the COVID19 pandemic. Eur. J. Cardiovascular Nurs. 20, 521\u2013523 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovascular Nurs."},{"key":"734_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18835","DOI":"10.2196\/18835","volume":"22","author":"A Waqas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waqas, A., Teoh, S. H., Lap\u00e3o, L. V., Messina, L. A. & Correia, J. C. Harnessing telemedicine for the provision of health care: bibliometric and scientometric analysis. J. Med Internet Res. 22, e18835 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med Internet Res."},{"key":"734_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purnomo A., et al. editors. Digital literacy research: A scientometric mapping over the past 22 years2020: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMTech50083.2020.9211267"},{"key":"734_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00134","volume":"3","author":"P Kostkova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kostkova, P. Grand challenges in digital health. Front. public health 3, 134 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. public health"},{"key":"734_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2019.1583040","volume":"5","author":"M Mitchell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. & Kan, L. Digital technology and the future of health systems. Health Syst. Reform. 5, 113\u2013120 (2019).","journal-title":"Health Syst. Reform."},{"key":"734_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"C Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, C. The citespace manual. Coll. Comput. Inform. 1, 1\u201384 (2014).","journal-title":"Coll. Comput. Inform."},{"key":"734_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307513100","volume":"101","author":"C Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen, C. Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 101, 5303\u20135310 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00734-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00734-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00734-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T00:07:17Z","timestamp":1673050037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-022-00734-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-022-00734-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests but the following Competing Non-Financial Interests: Author Julie Redfern is an Associate Editor of npj Digital Medicine but played no role in the assessment or peer review of this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}