{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T14:57:58Z","timestamp":1763564278177,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is unclear how frequently the Apple Watch produces spO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> measurements outside of the normal range in healthy individuals at rest. We conducted a head-to-head comparison in 38 healthy individuals between two watches and two medical-grade pulse oximeters. Fourteen percent of watch measurements yielded spO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values below 95%, with no values below 92%. Results suggest that outliers measured by the watch should not be a cause for concern in otherwise healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00814-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T05:02:55Z","timestamp":1680930175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Apple Watch spO2 sensor and outliers in healthy users"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Zwahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1040-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Windisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901183","volume":"381","author":"MV Perez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez, M. V. et al. Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 1909\u20131917 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205520762211321","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221132127","volume":"8","author":"J Rafl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafl, J., Bachman, T. E., Rafl-Huttova, V., Walzel, S. & Rozanek, M. Commercial smartwatch with pulse oximeter detects short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical-grade device: validation study. Digit. Health 8, 20552076221132127 (2022).","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"814_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02987-w","volume":"44","author":"C P\u00e4tz","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e4tz, C. et al. Accuracy of the Apple Watch oxygen saturation measurement in adults and children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr. Cardiol. 44, 333\u2013343 (2022).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"814_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000051","volume":"1","author":"L Littell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Littell, L. et al. Assessment of Apple Watch Series 6 pulse oximetry and electrocardiograms in a pediatric population. PLoS Digit. Health 1, e0000051 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Digit. Health"},{"key":"814_CR5","first-page":"1467","volume":"11","author":"C Spaccarotella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spaccarotella, C. et al. Assessment of non-invasive measurements of oxygen saturation and heart rate with an Apple smartwatch: comparison with a standard pulse oximeter. J. Clin. Med. Res. 11, 1467 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98453-3","volume":"11","author":"LZ Pipek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pipek, L. Z., Nascimento, R. F. V., Acencio, M. M. P. & Teixeira, L. R. Comparison of SpO2 and heart rate values on Apple Watch and conventional commercial oximeters devices in patients with lung disease. Sci. Rep. 11, 18901 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"814_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2016.10.004","volume":"2","author":"H Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, H., Ko, H. & Lee, J. Reflectance pulse oximetry: practical issues and limitations. ICT Express 2, 195\u2013198 (2016).","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"814_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2029240","volume":"383","author":"MW Sjoding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sjoding, M. W., Dickson, R. P., Iwashyna, T. J., Gay, S. E. & Valley, T. S. Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2477\u20132478 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e069775","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069775","volume":"378","author":"VSM Valbuena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valbuena, V. S. M. et al. Racial bias and reproducibility in pulse oximetry among medical and surgical inpatients in general care in the Veterans Health Administration 2013-19: multicenter, retrospective cohort study. BMJ 378, e069775 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"814_CR10","unstructured":"Haahr, M. [No title]. https:\/\/www.random.org\/."},{"key":"814_CR11","unstructured":"How to use the blood oxygen app on Apple Watch. Apple Support https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-us\/HT211027 (2022)."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00814-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00814-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00814-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T05:07:54Z","timestamp":1680930474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00814-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00814-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2398-6352"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"P.W. reports consulting for dacadoo AG, a technology company that has business activity related to Apple products. P.W. has a patent application titled \u201cMethod for detection of neurological abnormalities\u201d outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}