{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:34:26Z","timestamp":1776530066220,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001279","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002283","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002283","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-7002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-7002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Imperial-BRC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Imperial-BRC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UKDRI-7002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent bacterial infections in older adults and a significant contributor to unplanned hospital admissions in People Living with Dementia (PLWD), with early detection being crucial due to the predicament of reporting symptoms and limited help-seeking behaviour. The most common diagnostic tool is urine sample analysis, which can be time-consuming and is only employed where UTI clinical suspicion exists. In this method development and proof-of-concept study, participants living with dementia were monitored via low-cost devices in the home that passively measure activity, sleep, and nocturnal physiology. Using 27828 person-days of remote monitoring data (from 117 participants), we engineered features representing symptoms used for diagnosing a UTI. We then evaluate explainable machine learning techniques in passively calculating UTI risk and perform stratification on scores to support clinical translation and allow control over the balance between alert rate and sensitivity and specificity. The proposed UTI algorithm achieves a sensitivity of 65.3% (95% Confidence Interval (CI)\u2009=\u200964.3\u201366.2) and specificity of 70.9% (68.6\u201373.1) when predicting UTIs on unseen participants and after risk stratification, a sensitivity of 74.7% (67.9\u201381.5) and specificity of 87.9% (85.0\u201390.9). In addition, feature importance methods reveal that the largest contributions to the predictions were bathroom visit statistics, night-time respiratory rate, and the number of previous UTI events, aligning with the literature. Our machine learning method alerts clinicians of UTI risk in subjects, enabling earlier detection and enhanced screening when considering treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00995-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T14:01:44Z","timestamp":1705154504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Digital remote monitoring for screening and early detection of urinary tract infections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Capstick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Zakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2002-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Fletcher-Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0516-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaneh","family":"Kouchaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raphaella","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Crone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Freemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Vaidyanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kolanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"True","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Wingfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"CR&T Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-183X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramin","family":"Nilforooshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8591-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam","family":"Barnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"995_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00005-9","volume":"17","author":"B Foxman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foxman, B. & Brown, P. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 17, 227\u2013241 (2003).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"995_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-19","volume":"13","author":"I Linhares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Linhares, I., Raposo, T., Rodrigues, A. & Almeida, A. Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000\u20132009). BMC Infect. Dis. 13, 19 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"995_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.303","volume":"311","author":"L Mody","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mody, L. & Juthani-Mehta, M. Urinary tract infections in older women: a clinical review. JAMA 311, 844 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"995_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharbi, M. et al. Antibiotic management of urinary tract infection in elderly patients in primary care and its association with bloodstream infections and all cause mortality: population based cohort study. BMJ 364, E23001 (2019).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l525"},{"key":"995_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/jppr.1650","volume":"50","author":"GP Godbole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godbole, G. P., Cerruto, N. & Chavada, R. Principles of assessment and management of urinary tract infections in older adults. J. Pharm. Pract. Res. 50, 276\u201383 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract. Res."},{"key":"995_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagenlehner, F. M. et al. Diagnosis and management for urosepsis: Items in urosepsis. Int. J. Urol. 20, 963\u201370 (2013).","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12200"},{"key":"995_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.04.004","volume":"50","author":"S Tal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tal, S. et al. Profile and prognosis of febrile elderly patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection. J. Infect. 50, 296\u2013305 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"995_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194535.82812.BA","volume":"34","author":"GS Martin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martin, G. S., Mannino, D. M. & Moss, M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis*: Crit. Care Med. 34, 15\u201321 (2006).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"995_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70239-6","volume":"12","author":"MM Levy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levy, M. M. et al. Outcomes of the surviving sepsis campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12, 919\u2013924 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"995_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","volume":"322","author":"Z Arvanitakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arvanitakis, Z., Shah, R. C. & Bennett, D. A. Diagnosis and management of Dementia: review. JAMA 322, 1589 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"995_CR11","first-page":"afw208v1","volume":"52","author":"C Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper, C. et al. Inequalities in receipt of mental and physical healthcare in people with dementia in the UK. Age Ageing 52, afw208v1 (2016).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"995_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000048","volume":"29","author":"CM Callahan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Callahan, C. M. et al. Errors in self-reports of health services use. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 29, 75\u201381 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"995_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.01.011","volume":"14","author":"S Toot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Toot, S., Devine, M., Akporobaro, A. & Orrell, M. Causes of hospital admission for people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Direct. Assoc. 14, 463\u201370 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Direct. Assoc."},{"key":"995_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.055335","volume":"195","author":"EL Sampson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sampson, E. L., Blanchard, M. R., Jones, L., Tookman, A. & King, M. Dementia in the acute hospital: prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. Br. J. Psychiat. 195, 61\u201366 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"995_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.06.008","volume":"66","author":"A Rao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rao, A., Suliman, A., Vuik, S., Aylin, P. & Darzi, A. Outcomes of dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital administrative database studies. Archiv. Gerontol. Geriat. 66, 198\u2013204 (2016).","journal-title":"Archiv. Gerontol. Geriat."},{"key":"995_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210001717","volume":"23","author":"N Mukadam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukadam, N. & Sampson, E. L. A systematic review of the prevalence, associations and outcomes of dementia in older general hospital inpatients. Int. Psychogeriat. 23, 344\u2013355 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriat."},{"key":"995_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209909","volume":"14","author":"S Enshaeifar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enshaeifar, S. et al. Machine learning methods for detecting urinary tract infection and analysing daily living activities in people with dementia. PloS One 14, e0209909 (2019).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"995_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17418","volume":"69","author":"D Krinitski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krinitski, D., Kasina, R., Kl\u00f6ppel, S. & Lenouvel, E. Associations of delirium with urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults aged 65 and older: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Geriat. Soc. 69, 3312\u201323 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriat. Soc."},{"key":"995_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.11-1-80","volume":"11","author":"HJ Woodford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodford, H. J. & George, J. Diagnosis and management of urinary infections in older people. Clin. Med. 11, 80\u20133 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"995_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deville, W.L., Yzermans, J.C., Duijn, N.P., Bezemer, D. et al. The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2490-4-4 (2004).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-4-4"},{"key":"995_CR21","first-page":"606","volume":"56","author":"P Little","year":"2006","unstructured":"Little, P. et al. Developing clinical rules to predict urinary tract infection in primary care settings: sensitivity and specificity of near patient tests (dipsticks) and clinical scores. Br. J. Gener. Pract. 56, 606\u201312 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Gener. Pract."},{"key":"995_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.20.2201","volume":"167","author":"WJ McIsaac","year":"2007","unstructured":"McIsaac, W. J., Moineddin, R. & Ross, S. Validation of a decision aid to assist physicians in reducing unnecessary antibiotic drug use for acute cystitis. Archiv. Inter. Med. 167, 2201\u20136 (2007).","journal-title":"Archiv. Inter. Med."},{"key":"995_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12268","volume":"1","author":"LC Yourman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yourman, L. C., Kent, T. J., Israni, J. S., Ko, K. J. & Lesser, A. Association of dementia diagnosis with urinary tract infection in the emergency department. J. Am. College Emerg. Phys. Open 1, 1291\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. College Emerg. Phys. Open"},{"key":"995_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112496","volume":"17","author":"S Majumder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majumder, S. et al. Smart homes for elderly healthcare\u2013recent advances and research challenges. Sensors 17, 2496 (2017).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"995_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12260","DOI":"10.1111\/opn.12260","volume":"14","author":"R Turjamaa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turjamaa, R., Pehkonen, A. & Kangasniemi, M. How smart homes are used to support older people: an integrative review. Int. J. Old. People Nurs. 14, e12260 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Old. People Nurs."},{"key":"995_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rantz, M.J. et al. Using sensor networks to detect urinary tract infections in older adults. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking Applications and Services (Healthcom) 142-9 (IEEE, 2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/HEALTH.2011.6026731"},{"key":"995_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T, Guestrin, C. et al. XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 785-945 (ACM, 2016).","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"995_CR28","unstructured":"Vaswani, A. et al. Attention is all you need. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 6000-6010 (Curran Asoociates, 2017)."},{"key":"995_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"995_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. et al. Explainable machine-learning predictions for the prevention of hypoxaemia during surgery. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 749 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"995_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston, G. et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet commission. Lancet 396, 413\u201346 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"995_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4868","volume":"33","author":"J Pickett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pickett, J. et al. A roadmap to advance dementia research in prevention, diagnosis, intervention, and care by 2025. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiat. 33, 900\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriat. Psychiat."},{"key":"995_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2569-5","volume":"26","author":"A Aydin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aydin, A., Ahmed, K., Zaman, I., Khan, M. S. & Dasgupta, P. Recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Int. Urogynecol. J. 26, 795\u2013804 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"995_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrington, N. et al. Nocturnal respiratory rate dynamics enable early recognition of impending hospitalizations. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.03.10.22272238 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.10.22272238"},{"key":"995_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","volume":"315","author":"CW Seymour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seymour, C. W. et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 762 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"995_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016","volume":"84","author":"GB Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, G. B., Prytherch, D. R., Meredith, P., Schmidt, P. E. & Featherstone, P. I. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation 84, 465\u2013470 (2013).","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"995_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.521","volume":"94","author":"CP Subbe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Subbe, C. P. Validation of a modified early warning score in medical admissions. QJM 94, 521\u2013526 (2001).","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"995_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)33498-X","volume":"84","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tobin, M. J. et al. Breathing patterns. Chest 84, 202\u2013205 (1983).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"995_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eursup.2007.01.006","volume":"6","author":"E Chartier-Kastler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chartier-Kastler, E. & Davidson, K. evaluation of quality of life and quality of sleep in clinical practice. Eur. Urol. Suppl. 6, 576\u201384 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Suppl."},{"key":"995_CR40","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Deep representation for connected health: semi-supervised learning for analysing the risk of urinary tract infections in people with dementia. arXiv https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2011.13916 (2022)."},{"key":"995_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-014-0411-9","volume":"18","author":"M Aste","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aste, M., Boninsegna, M., Freno, A. & Trentin, E. Techniques for dealing with incomplete data: a tutorial and survey. Patt. Anal. Appl. 18, 1\u201329 (2014).","journal-title":"Patt. Anal. Appl."},{"key":"995_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinney, W. Data structures for statistical computing in python. In Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference 2nd edn, Vol. 3 (eds Walt, V.S. & Millman, J.) Ch 51\u201356 (Springer, 2010).","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-00a"},{"key":"995_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","volume":"585","author":"CR Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris, C. R. et al. Array programming with NumPy. Nature 585, 357\u201362 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"995_CR44","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u201330 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"995_CR45","unstructured":"Paszke, A. et al. PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 8024-3566 (Curran Associates, 2019)."},{"key":"995_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J. et al. The Elements of Statistical Learning (Springer, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00995-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00995-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00995-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T14:05:21Z","timestamp":1705154721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-023-00995-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00995-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}