{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:09:59Z","timestamp":1780448999388,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01204-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T13:05:38Z","timestamp":1723035938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A deep learning system for myopia onset prediction and intervention effectiveness evaluation in children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengyou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongping","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4809-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Ting","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinliuxing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinman","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol Y.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8510-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4246-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1204_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vision impairment and blindness. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blindness-and-visual-impairment (2023)."},{"key":"1204_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.12.001","volume":"52","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui, K., Lai, T. Y. Y., Lai, C.-C. & Cheung, C. M. G. Updates of pathologic myopia. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 52, 156\u2013187 (2016).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"1204_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01805-6","volume":"36","author":"X Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, X., Liu, C., Chen, Y. & He, M. Myopia prediction: a systematic review. Eye 36, 921\u2013929 (2022).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1204_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0471","volume":"133","author":"K Zadnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zadnik, K. et al. Prediction of juvenile-onset myopia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 133, 683\u2013689 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3210","volume":"51","author":"LA Jones-Jordan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones-Jordan, L. A. et al. Early childhood refractive error and parental history of myopia as predictors of myopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 115\u2013121 (2010).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"1204_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.06.029","volume":"126","author":"JWL Tideman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tideman, J. W. L., Polling, J. R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Vingerling, J. R. & Klaver, C. C. W. Environmental risk factors can reduce axial length elongation and myopia incidence in 6- to 9-year-old children. Ophthalmology 126, 127\u2013136 (2019).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1204_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.035","volume":"120","author":"AN French","year":"2013","unstructured":"French, A. N., Morgan, I. G., Mitchell, P. & Rose, K. A. Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian schoolchildren: the Sydney adolescent vascular and eye study. Ophthalmology 120, 2100\u20132108 (2013).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1204_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569","volume":"95","author":"P Sankaridurg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sankaridurg, P. et al. Comparison of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in categorizing refractive error data in children. Acta Ophthalmol. 95, e633\u2013e640 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23887","volume":"59","author":"AV Varadarajan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varadarajan, A. V. et al. Deep learning for predicting refractive error from retinal fundus images. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 59, 2861\u20132868 (2018).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"1204_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00055-8","volume":"3","author":"TE Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan, T. E. et al. Retinal photograph-based deep learning algorithms for myopia and a blockchain platform to facilitate artificial intelligence medical research: a retrospective multicohort study. Lancet Digital Health 3, e317\u2013e329 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"1204_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00752-8","volume":"6","author":"LL Foo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foo, L. L. et al. Deep learning system to predict the 5-year risk of high myopia using fundus imaging in children. NPJ Digital Med. 6, 10 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"1204_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000303","volume":"9","author":"MWM Wintergerst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wintergerst, M. W. M., Jansen, L. G., Holz, F. G. & Finger, R. P. Smartphone-based fundus imaging\u2014where are we now? Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol. 9, 308\u2013314 (2020).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, A., Morescalchi, F., Costagliola, C., Delcassi, L. & Semeraro, F. Comparison of smartphone ophthalmoscopy with slit-lamp biomicroscopy for grading diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 159, 360\u2013364.e361 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.11.008"},{"key":"1204_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00745-6","volume":"5","author":"K Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, K. et al. Deep-learning models for the detection and incidence prediction of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes from retinal fundus images. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 533\u2013545 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"1204_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00566-5","volume":"4","author":"J Engelmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engelmann, J. et al. Detecting multiple retinal diseases in ultra-widefield fundus imaging and data-driven identification of informative regions with deep learning. Nat. Mach. Intell. 4, 1143\u20131154 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1204_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002674","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002674","volume":"15","author":"H Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, H. et al. Prediction of myopia development among Chinese school-aged children using refraction data from electronic medical records: a retrospective, multicentre machine learning study. PLoS Med. 15, e1002674 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"1204_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13403","volume":"95","author":"S Xiong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiong, S. et al. Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Ophthalmol. 95, 551\u2013566 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Effect of extracurricular after-school physical activities on academic performance of schoolchildren: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 177, 1141\u20131148 (2023).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3615"},{"key":"1204_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15532-y","volume":"23","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Time outdoors positively associates with academic performance: a school-based study with objective monitoring of outdoor time. BMC Public Health 23, 645 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1204_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00276-w","volume":"3","author":"R Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wei, L. & Zhang, P. A deep learning framework for drug repurposing via emulating clinical trials on real-world patient data. Nat. Mach. Intell. 3, 68\u201375 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1204_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e456","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00554-X","volume":"11","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Economic evaluation of combined population-based screening for multiple blindness-causing eye diseases in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 11, e456\u2013e465 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"1204_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selvaraju, R. R. et al. Grad-cam: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74 (2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74"},{"key":"1204_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.01.002","volume":"55","author":"MT Witmer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Witmer, M. T., Margo, C. E. & Drucker, M. Tilted optic disks. Surv. Ophthalmol. 55, 403\u2013428 (2010).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47148","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47148","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Human foveal cone photoreceptor topography and its dependence on eye length. eLife 8, e47148 (2019).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1204_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.022","volume":"159","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui, K. et al. International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 159, 877\u2013883.e877 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30271-5","volume":"3","author":"YC Tham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tham, Y. C. et al. Referral for disease-related visual impairment using retinal photograph-based deep learning: a proof-of-concept, model development study. Lancet Digital Health 3, e29\u2013e40 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"1204_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S. I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1705.07874 (2017).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1705.07874"},{"key":"1204_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","volume":"60","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flitcroft, D. I. et al. IMI\u2014defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 60, M20\u2013m30 (2019).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"1204_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13065","volume":"46","author":"X He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large-scale eye study (SCALE). Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 46, 329\u2013338 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13391","volume":"47","author":"X He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Shanghai time outside to reduce myopia trial: design and baseline data. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 47, 171\u2013178 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14617","volume":"99","author":"X He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Design and pilot data of the high myopia registration study: Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study (SCALE-HM). Acta Ophthalmol. 99, e489\u2013e500 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312413","volume":"103","author":"CY Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung, C. Y. et al. Quantitative retinal microvasculature in children using swept-source optical coherence tomography: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 103, 672\u2013679 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"1204_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu, H. et al. Evaluation of retinal image quality assessment networks in different color-spaces. In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2019: 22nd International Conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32239-7_6 (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32239-7_6"},{"key":"1204_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaiming, H., Xiangyu, Z., Shaoqing, R. & Jian, S. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1512.03385 (2016)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1512.03385"},{"key":"1204_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deng, J. et al. ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In Proc. 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 248\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848 (2009).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"1204_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, T., Kornblith, S., Norouzi, M. & Hinton, C. A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In International Conference on Machine Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2002.05709 (2020).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2002.05709"},{"key":"1204_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","volume":"5","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolpert, D. H. Stacked generalization. Neural Netw. 5, 241\u2013259 (1992).","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"1204_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubuk, E. D. et al. Randaugment: practical automated data augmentation with a reduced search space. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.13719 (2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00359"},{"key":"1204_CR39","unstructured":"Zhong, Z. et al. Random erasing data augmentation. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.04896 (2020)."},{"key":"1204_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216680383","volume":"27","author":"K Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hajian-Tilaki, K. The choice of methods in determining the optimal cut-off value for quantitative diagnostic test evaluation. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 27, 2374\u20132383 (2018).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"1204_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e968","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30201-3","volume":"7","author":"J Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of population-based glaucoma screening in China: a decision-analytic Markov model. Lancet Glob. Health 7, e968\u2013e978 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"1204_CR42","first-page":"18","volume":"38","author":"W Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, W. & Wei, M. The evaluation of the mortality and life expectancy of Chinese population. Popul. J. 38, 18\u201328 (2016).","journal-title":"Popul. J."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01204-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01204-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01204-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T13:21:36Z","timestamp":1723036896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01204-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01204-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"206"}}