{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:24:38Z","timestamp":1777890278138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH All of Us Research Program Data and Research Support Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01358-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T22:15:40Z","timestamp":1736028940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Data from the All of Us research program reinforces existence of activity inequality"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali R.","family":"Roghanizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiral","family":"Master","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aymone","family":"Kouame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Basford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Marginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessilyn","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854","volume":"320","author":"KL Piercy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piercy, K. L. et al. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA 320, 2020 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01039-x","volume":"17","author":"C SFM","year":"2020","unstructured":"SFM, C. et al. Inequality in physical activity, global trends by income inequality and gender in adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 17, 142 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"1358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx082","volume":"40","author":"R Pabayo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pabayo, R., Fuller, D., Lee, E. Y., Horino, M. & Kawachi, I. State-level income inequality and meeting physical activity guidelines; differential associations among US men and women. J. Public Health 40, 229\u2013236 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"1358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605125","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1605125","volume":"67","author":"AO Werneck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Werneck, A. O., Barboza, L. L., Silva, E. C. M. & Araujo, R. H. O. Sociodemographic Inequalities in Physical Activity in Latin America: time for policies targeted at groups that need it the most. Int. J. Public Health 67, 1605125 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"1358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23018","volume":"547","author":"T Althoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Althoff, T. et al. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature 547, 336\u2013339 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1358_CR6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss (Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023)."},{"key":"1358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.031308.100226","volume":"30","author":"AH Mokdad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mokdad, A. H. The behavioral risk factors surveillance system: past, present, and future. Annu. Rev. Public Health 30, 43\u201354 (2009).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"1358_CR8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes (2023)."},{"key":"1358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The All of Us Research Program Investigators et al. The \u201cAll of Us\u201d Research Program. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 668\u2013676 (2019).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1809937"},{"key":"1358_CR10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health. BRFSS Prevalence & Trends Data. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss (2015)."},{"key":"1358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7702","volume":"325","author":"AH Ramirez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramirez, A. H., Gebo, K. A. & Harris, P. A. Progress with the all of us research program: opening access for researchers. JAMA 325, 2441\u20132442 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085295","volume":"9","author":"RH Glazier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glazier, R. H. et al. Density, destinations or both? A comparison of measures of walkability in relation to transportation behaviors, obesity and diabetes in Toronto, Canada. PLoS ONE 9, e85295 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13000","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13000","volume":"29","author":"L Feinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feinstein, L. et al. Racial\/ethnic disparities in sleep duration and sleep disturbances among pregnant and non-pregnant women in the United States. J. Sleep Res. 29, e13000 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"1358_CR14","first-page":"363","volume":"24","author":"SM Wilson-Frederick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson-Frederick, S. M. et al. Examination of race disparities in physical inactivity among adults of similar social context. Ethn. Dis. 24, 363\u2013369 (2014).","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"1358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216293","volume":"20","author":"F Piccinini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piccinini, F., Martinelli, G. & Carbonaro, A. Accuracy of mobile applications versus wearable devices in long-term step measurements. Sensors 20, 6293 (2020).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1358_CR16","unstructured":"Adamakis, D. M. Physical activity in the era of mHealth big data: considerations on accuracy and bias. SSP J. Sport Sci. Med. 2, 6\u201310. (2019)."},{"key":"1358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0668-1","volume":"19","author":"N Redenius","year":"2019","unstructured":"Redenius, N., Kim, Y. & Byun, W. Concurrent validity of the Fitbit for assessing sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 19, 29 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"1358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000254","volume":"3","author":"W Brewer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brewer, W., Swanson, B. T. & Ortiz, A. Validity of Fitbit\u2019s active minutes as compared with a research-grade accelerometer and self-reported measures. BMJ Open Sport\u2014Exerc. Med. 3, e000254 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport\u2014Exerc. Med."},{"key":"1358_CR19","unstructured":"Google. What are Active Zone Minutes or active minutes on my Fitbit device? Fitbit Help Center. https:\/\/support.google.com\/fitbit\/answer\/14236509?hl=en#zippy=%2Chow-does-my-fitbit-device-calculate-active-minutes (2024)."},{"key":"1358_CR20","unstructured":"Hales, C. M. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018. NCHS Data Brief. 360, 1\u20138 (2020)."},{"key":"1358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111704","volume":"16","author":"K Fayyaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fayyaz, K. et al. Validity of measured vs. self-reported weight and height and practical considerations for enhancing reliability in clinical and epidemiological studies: a systematic review. Nutrients 16, 1704 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29510","DOI":"10.2196\/29510","volume":"10","author":"PJ Cho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cho, P. J. et al. Demographic imbalances resulting from the bring-your-own-device study design. JMIR MHealth UHealth 10, e29510 (2022).","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth UHealth"},{"key":"1358_CR23","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH). All of Us Research Program Expands Data Collection Efforts with Fitbit. National Institutes of Health (NIH) \u2014 All of Us https:\/\/allofus.nih.gov\/news-events-and-media\/announcements\/all-us-research-program-expands-data-collection-efforts-fitbit (2020)."},{"key":"1358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8016","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208016","volume":"22","author":"WK Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, W. K. et al. A systematic review of time series classification techniques used in biomedical applications. Sensors 22, 8016 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lakka, T. A. & Bouchard, C. Physical activity, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 137\u2013163 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-27661-0_4 (2005).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27661-0_4"},{"key":"1358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-122120-104825","volume":"6","author":"KR Mayo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayo, K. R. et al. The all of us data and research center: creating a secure, scalable, and sustainable ecosystem for biomedical research. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Data Sci. 6, 443\u2013464 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Data Sci."},{"key":"1358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233526","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3526","volume":"6","author":"S Desine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desine, S. et al. Daily step counts before and after the COVID-19 pandemic among all of us research participants. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e233526 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1358_CR28","unstructured":"CDC. Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/basics\/adult-defining.html (2022)."},{"key":"1358_CR29","unstructured":"All of Us Research Program. How All of Us protects participant privacy. User Support https:\/\/support.researchallofus.org\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/4552681983764-How-All-of-Us-protects-participant-privacy (2022)."},{"key":"1358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.4.533","volume":"7","author":"JF Sallis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sallis, J. F. et al. Evaluating a brief self-report measure of neighborhood environments for physical activity research and surveillance: Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES). J. Phys. Act. Health 7, 533\u2013540 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"1358_CR31","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2010 Census Regions and Divisions of the United States. Census.gov https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geographies\/reference-maps\/2010\/geo\/2010-census-regions-and-divisions-of-the-united-states.html (2010)."},{"key":"1358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lederer, L. et al. The Importance of Data Quality Control in Using Fitbit Device Data From the Research Program. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth e45103, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/45103 (2023).","DOI":"10.2196\/45103"},{"key":"1358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2307\/1924845","volume":"61","author":"R Dorfman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dorfman, R. A formula for the Gini coefficient. Rev. Econ. Stat. 61, 146 (1979).","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"1358_CR34","unstructured":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Climate at a Glance: Statewide Mapping. https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/monitoring\/climate-at-a-glance\/statewide\/mapping (2024)."},{"key":"1358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","volume":"6","author":"ML Waskom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waskom, M. L. Seaborn: statistical data visualization. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3021 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01358-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01358-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01358-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T23:13:59Z","timestamp":1736032439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01358-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01358-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"There are no competing interests for any author. The sponsor, the <i>All of Us<\/i> Research Program, as well as Fitbit, Inc., had no involvement in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}