{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:51:37Z","timestamp":1774633897585,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Digit. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01376-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T06:37:46Z","timestamp":1734503866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing alternative strategies for measuring metabolic risk"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Enichen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimia","family":"Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Kvedar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1376_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30288-2","volume":"6","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhaskaran, K., Dos-Santos-Silva, I., Leon, D. A., Douglas, I. J. & Smeeth, L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3\u00b76 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 6, 944\u2013953 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Diab. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1376_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.87","volume":"32","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rothman, K. J. BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 32, S56\u2013S59 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"1376_CR3","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Roundtable on Obesity Solutions & Callahan, E. A. The Science, Strengths, and Limitations of Body Mass Index. in Translating Knowledge of Foundational Drivers of Obesity into Practice: Proceedings of a Workshop Series (National Academies Press (US), 2023)."},{"key":"1376_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30527-w","volume":"13","author":"S-M Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong, S.-M., Lee, D. H., Rezende, L. F. M. & Giovannucci, E. L. Different correlation of body mass index with body fatness and obesity-related biomarker according to age, sex and race-ethnicity. Sci. Rep. 13, 3472 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1376_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313154","volume":"40","author":"HS Lumish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lumish, H. S., O\u2019Reilly, M. & Reilly, M. P. Sex differences in genomic drivers of adipose distribution and related cardiometabolic disorders: opportunities for precision medicine. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 40, 45\u201360 (2020).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"1376_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13050","volume":"20","author":"SW Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, S. W. et al. Body fat distribution is more predictive of all-cause mortality than overall adiposity. Diab. Obes. Metab. 20, 141\u2013147 (2018).","journal-title":"Diab. Obes. Metab."},{"key":"1376_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1413","volume":"26","author":"BJ Nicklas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nicklas, B. J. et al. Visceral adipose tissue cutoffs associated with metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Diab. Care 26, 1413\u20131420 (2003).","journal-title":"Diab. Care"},{"key":"1376_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.07.017","volume":"7","author":"RV Shah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah, R. V. et al. Visceral adiposity and the risk of metabolic syndrome across body mass index: the MESA Study. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 7, 1221\u20131235 (2014).","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"1376_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2334836","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.34836","volume":"6","author":"I Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, I. et al. Surrogate adiposity markers and mortality. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2334836 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1376_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2014.04.002","volume":"8","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Del Brutto, O. H., Mera, R. M. & Atahualpa Project Investigators. Indices of abdominal obesity may be better than the BMI to discriminate Latin American natives\/mestizos with a poor cardiovascular status. Diab. Metab. Syndr. 8, 115\u2013118 (2014).","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"1376_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109943","volume":"145","author":"A Tolonen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolonen, A. et al. Methodology, clinical applications, and future directions of body composition analysis using computed tomography (CT) images: A review. Eur. J. Radiol. 145, 109943 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"1376_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.008","volume":"39","author":"GM Tinsley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tinsley, G. M., Moore, M. L., Benavides, M. L., Dellinger, J. R. & Adamson, B. T. 3-Dimensional optical scanning for body composition assessment: A 4-component model comparison of four commercially available scanners. Clin. Nutr. 39, 3160\u20133167 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1376_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.02.003","volume":"117","author":"C McCarthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCarthy, C. et al. Smartphone prediction of skeletal muscle mass: model development and validation in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 117, 794\u2013801 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1376_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01289-0","volume":"7","author":"C Qiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao, C. et al. Prediction of total and regional body composition from 3D body shape. NPJ Digit. Med. 7, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"1376_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88587-9","volume":"11","author":"M Ruiz-Castell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz-Castell, M. et al. Estimated visceral adiposity is associated with risk of cardiometabolic conditions in a population based study. Sci. Rep. 11, 9121 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1376_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101362","volume":"23","author":"DE Mathew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathew, D. E., Jayakaran, J. A. J., Hansdak, S. G. & Iyadurai, R. Cost effective and adaptable measures of estimation of visceral adiposity. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 23, 101362 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"1376_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00140-5","volume":"2","author":"J Raheem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raheem, J. et al. Visceral adiposity is associated with metabolic profiles predictive of type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Commun. Med. (Lond.) 2, 81 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"1376_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/obesities3020009","volume":"3","author":"JA Krems","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krems, J. A. & Bock, J. E. The role of women\u2019s and men\u2019s body shapes in explicit and implicit fat stigma. Obesities 3, 97\u2013118 (2023).","journal-title":"Obesities"},{"key":"1376_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159491","volume":"100","author":"RM Puhl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Puhl, R. M. & Heuer, C. A. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am. J. Public Health 100, 1019\u20131028 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"1376_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.032","volume":"102","author":"KS O\u2019Brien","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, K. S. et al. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite 102, 70\u201376 (2016).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1376_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105307084318","volume":"13","author":"LR Vartanian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vartanian, L. R. & Shaprow, J. G. Effects of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behavior: a preliminary investigation among college-aged females: A preliminary investigation among college-aged females. J. Health Psychol. 13, 131\u2013138 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"1376_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20891","volume":"22","author":"SE Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson, S. E., Beeken, R. J. & Wardle, J. Perceived weight discrimination and changes in weight, waist circumference, and weight status: Weight Discrimination and Changes in Weight. Obesity 22, 2485\u20132488 (2014).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1376_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147470491560056","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704915600565","volume":"13","author":"F van Leeuwen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, F., Hunt, D. F. & Park, J. H. Is obesity stigma based on perceptions of appearance or character? Theory, evidence, and directions for further study. Evol. Psychol. 13, 1474704915600565 (2015).","journal-title":"Evol. Psychol."},{"key":"1376_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0022","volume":"3","author":"SS Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan, S. S. et al. Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiol. 3, 280\u2013287 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"1376_CR25","unstructured":"Yashi, K. & Daley, S. F. Obesity and type 2 diabetes. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 2024)."},{"key":"1376_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60892-8","volume":"384","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhaskaran, K. et al. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5\u00b724 million UK adults. Lancet 384, 755\u2013765 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1376_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30175-1","volume":"388","author":"Global BMI Mortality Collaboration.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 388, 776\u2013786 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1376_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13309","volume":"43","author":"I Gutin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gutin, I. Body mass index is just a number: conflating riskiness and unhealthiness in discourse on body size. Sociol. Health Illn. 43, 1437\u20131453 (2021).","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."}],"container-title":["npj Digital Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01376-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01376-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01376-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T07:03:06Z","timestamp":1734505386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41746-024-01376-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01376-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-6352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-6352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"J.C.K. is the editor-in-chief of npj Digital Medicine. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"360"}}